Yintoni Inokuhlala Unomphela?

Indlela iintsana eziyazi ngayo ukuba izinto ezingabonakali ziyaqhubeka zikhona

Igama elithi "indawo yokuhlala isigxina" lisetyenziselwa ukuchaza amandla omntwana okukwazi ukuba izinto ziyaqhubeka zikhona nangona zingenakubonakala okanye zivakala.

Ukuba uke wadlala umdlalo we "peek-boo-boo" nomntwana omncinci kakhulu, ngoko uyaqonda ukuba oku kusebenza njani. Xa into efihlakeleyo emehlweni, iintsana phantsi kwexesha elithile livame ukucaphukisa ukuba into ilahlekile.

Oku kungenxa yokuba bancinci ukuba baqonde ukuba into iyaqhubeka ikhona nangona ayibonakali.

Injongo yokuhlala isigxina kunye ne-Piaget's Theory of Development

Ingcamango yento yokuhlala isigxina inendima ebalulekileyo kwingcamango yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo eyenziwe nguJean Piaget . Kwinqanaba lokuphuhlisa, ixesha elidlulayo ukusuka ekuzalweni ukuya kwiminyaka emibini ubudala, uPiaget wacetyisa ukuba abantwana baqonde ihlabathi ngezakhono zabo ezinjenge-touch, umbono, ukunambitha kunye nokunyakaza.

Ngethuba lokusana kwasekusaneni, iintsana zixhomekeke kakhulu. Abanalo mbono wokuthi ihlabathi likhoyo lihluke kwiqondo labo kunye namava. Ukuqonda ukuba izinto ziyaqhubeka zikhona nangona zingabonakali, iintsana maziqale zivelise ukubonakaliswa kwengqondo yento.

I-Piaget ibhekisele kule mifanekiso yengqondo njengezicwangciso. I-schema ludidi lolwazi malunga nento ehlabathini.

Ngokomzekelo, usana lungase lube nesicwangciso sokutya, okwangethuba lokusana luya kubakho ibhotile okanye isifuba. Njengoko umntwana ekhula kwaye unamava amaninzi, izicwangciso zakhe ziya kwanda kwaye zibe nzima kakhulu. Ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zokufana nokuhlala , abantwana bahlakulela iindidi zengqondo ezintsha, bandise iindidi zabo ezikhoyo, kwaye banokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo iimpawu zabo zangoku.

Indlela yokuhlala isigxina eqhubekayo

UPiaget wacetyisa ukuba kukho izithuba ezithandathu ezenzeke ngexesha lesiseko sokuphuhlisa, kuquka:

1. Ukuzalwa ukuya ku-1 Inyanga: I-Reflexes
   Ngethuba lephambili kwinqanaba le-sensorotor, i- reflexes yindlela eyona ndlela iintsana ziyiqonda kwaye zihlola ihlabathi. Izimpendulo ezinjengeengcamango ezinjenge-rooting, ukunwa, kunye nokumangalisa indlela umntwana asebenzisana ngayo nendalo yakhe.

2. 1 ukuya ku-4 inyanga: Ukuphuhliswa kwee-Schemas ezintsha
   Emva koko, iimpendulo zesekondari eziphambili zikhokelela ekuqulunqweni kwezicwangciso ezintsha. Ingane inokuyiphula ngenyameko kwisithupha sayo kwaye iyaqonda ukuba iyonwabile. Uya kuphinda aphinde isenzo kuba uyifumana into enandi.

3. Iinyanga ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-8: Izenzo ezenzelwe
   Malunga neenyanga ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-8, iintsana ziqala ukunikela ingqalelo ngakumbi kwihlabathi elibajikelezile. Baya kwenza ngisho nezenzo zokudala impendulo. I-Piaget ibhekisele kulezi mpendulo zesekondari .

4. Iinyanga ezili-8 ukuya kwezi-12: UkuCatshulwa okukhulu
   Phakathi kweenyanga eziyi-8 no-12, izenzo ezithandwayo ziyacaca ngakumbi. Iintsana ziya kugubha izathoyizi ukuvelisa izandi kunye neempendulo zabo kwimo engqongileyo kwaye zidibeneyo.

5. Iinyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezi-18: I-Trial-and Error
   Izimpendulo zesekondari eziphezulu zivela kwinqanaba lesihlanu. Ezi zibandakanya ukulingwa-kunye nephutha kwaye iintsana ziqala ukwenza izenzo ukuze zenze ingqalelo kwabanye.

1. 18 ukuya ku-24 inyanga: I-Object Permanence Emerges
   UPiaget wayekholelwa ukuba ingcamango yokumela iqala ukuvela phakathi kweenyanga ezili-18 neye-24. Kule nkalo, abantwana bayakwazi ukwenza ukubonakaliswa kwengqondo kwezinto. Ngenxa yokuba banokufanekisela izinto ezingabonakaliyo, ngoku bayakwazi ukuqonda into engunaphakade.

Indlela iPagag ekulinganisa ngayo into yokuhlala isigxina

Ukuchonga ukuba ngaba uhlala unaphakade, uPiaget uza kubonisa umdlalo usana ngaphambi kokuba awufihle okanye awususe. Enye inguqu yokuzama kwakhe, uPiaget wayeza kufihla ithoyilo phantsi kwengubo aze agcine ukubona ukuba umntwana usenokukhangela into.

Ezinye zeentsana ziza kubonakala zididekile okanye zithukuthele ngelahleko ngelixa ezinye iintsana ziza kukhangela into. UPiaget wayekholelwa ukuba abantwana abacaphukile ukuba le nto yokudlala yayingekho ukuqonda into ehlala isigxina, ngelixa abo bafuna le nto yokudlala bayifinyelele le nkqubela ephambili . Kuvavanyo lukaPiaget, le nto yayifikelwe ukujikeleza malunga neenyanga ezi-8 ukuya kwezi-9.

Iziphumo ezandul 'ukubonelela Zinikezela into yokuhlala isigxina

Ngoxa i-theory yePiaget yayinempembelelo enkulu kwaye ihlala isithandwa kakhulu namhlanje, kuye kwaxutyushwa. Esinye seziganeko ezigxekayo zomsebenzi kaPiaget kukuba wayehlala ephantsi kokunyaniseka kwamakhono abantwana.

Uphando olwenziwe ngokusisigxina luye lwabangela umbuzo malunga nezigqibo zePiaget. Abaphengululi baye bakwazi ukubonisa ukuba ngeendlela, abantwana abancinane njengeenyanga ezine bayaqonda ukuba izinto ziyaqhubeka zikhona nangona zingabonakaliyo okanye zingabonakali.

Abanye abaphandi baye bacetyisa ezinye iinkcazo zokuba kutheni iintsana zingakhange zifune iityshi ezifihliweyo. Abantwana abancinci kakhulu abanako ukulungelelaniswa ngokomzimba ukufuna loo nto. Kwamanye amaxesha, iintsana zingenakho inomdla ekufumaneni into efihliweyo.

> Umthombo:

> Bremner JG, uSlater AM, uJohnson SP. Ingqiqo yokunyamezela komxholo: I-Origins of Object Permanence In Childhood . Uphuhliso lwabantwana. 2015; 9 (1): 7-13.