Iimfuno zeMvelo zikhuthaza ukuziphatha
Iingcamango zokunciphisa ukuqhutyelwa kwezinto ezikhuthazayo zathandwa kwixesha le-1940 neye-1950 njengendlela yokuchaza ukuziphatha, ukufunda, kunye nokukhuthaza. Le ngqungquthela yasungulwa ngumenzi wokuziphatha uClark Hull kwaye yaqhutyiswa phambili ngumhlanganisi wakhe uKenneth Spence. Ngokutsho kweengcamango, ukuncitshiswa kwezinto zokuqhuba ukuqhuba kuyona nto ibangela ukuba ukhuthaze .
Nangona i-theory-reduction theory of motivation yakuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwiingqondo zengqondo, ngokuyininzi iyayihoywa namhlanje.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba abafundi bafunde kabanzi malunga neengcamango zeHull ukuze baqonde umphumo wakhe emsebenzini kwi-psychology kwaye babone indlela abanye abavakalisi abaye baphendula ngayo ngokucebisa iingcamango zabo.
Ukwahlula kweTheory yeHull
UHull wayengomnye wabalingisi bokuqala ukuzama ukudala i-theory enkulu eyenzelwe ukuchaza yonke indlela yokuziphatha. Waqala ukuhlakulela ingcamango yakhe emva nje kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwiYunivesithi yaseYale, ekuboniseni iingcamango ezivela kubanye abantu abacingayo kuquka uCharles Darwin, uIvan Pavlov , uJohn. B. Watson , no- Edward L. Thorndike . Usekelwe kwimfundiso yakhe kwi- homeostasis , imbono yokuba umzimba usebenza ngokuzimeleyo ukugcina imeko ethile yokulinganisela okanye ukulingana. Umzekelo, umzimba wakho ulawula ubushushu bawo ukuze uqinisekise ukuba awushushu kakhulu okanye ubanda kakhulu. UHull wayekholelwa ukuba ukuziphatha kwakungenye yeendlela iindlela ezigcina ngayo le mali.
Ngokusekelwe kule ngcamango, uHull ucebisa ukuba zonke izizathu zivela ngenxa yezi zidingo ze-biological.
Kwiingcamango zakhe, uHull wasebenzisa eli gama ukubhekisa kwimeko yokuxhatshazwa okanye ukuvuswa okubangelwa zizidingo zezinto eziphilayo okanye izifo. Okwesithathu, indlala, kunye nesidingo sokufudumala yonke imimiselo yokuqhuba. Umqhubi udala isimo esingathandekiyo, ukuxhatshazwa okufuneka kuncitshiswe.
Ukuze kuncitshiswe le meko yokuxhatshazwa, abantu kunye nezilwanyana bafuna iindlela zokuzalisekisa ezi zidingo ze-biological.
Siphuza xa sisomile. Sidla xa silambile. Siphakamisa i-thermostat xa sibanda. Wacetyisa ukuba abantu kunye nezilwanyana baya kuphinda baphinde baphinde baziphathe ngendlela eyanciphisa le mizila.
Ukumiswa nokuQiniswa
U-Hull uthathwa njengomcinga we-neo-behaviorist, kodwa njengabanye abakhulu bokuziphatha, wayekholelwa ukuba ukuziphatha komntu kunokuchazwa ngokumiswa kwemimiselo nokuqiniswa. Ukunciphisa i-drive kuthathwa njengokomelezwa ngenxa yokuziphatha. Oku kuqinisekiswa kwandisa amathuba okuba uhambo olufanayo luya kuphinda luphinde lube lizayo xa kukho imfuneko efanayo. Ukuze uphile kwindawo yalo, imvelo kufuneka iphathe ngendlela ehlangabezana nale mifuno yokusinda.
"Xa kusinda kusemngciphekweni, umzimba unesidingo (xa iimfuno zezinto eziphilayo zokungagcini zikhona) ngoko ke inyama iyaziphatha ngendlela yokunciphisa loo mfuno," kusho uHull.
Kubudlelwane bokuvuselela (impendulo) (SR), xa i-stimulus neempendulo zilandelwa ukunciphisa isidingo, kwandisa amathuba okuba umfutho ofanayo uza kuphendulela impendulo efanayo nangomso.
I-Hull's Mathematical Deductive Theory of Conduct
Injongo kaHull kwaba kukuhlakulela imbono yokufunda enokuthi ibonakaliswe ngokwemathematika, ukudala "ifomula" ukuchaza nokuqonda ukuziphatha kwabantu.
I-"Imfundiso yeMathematika yokuThatheka kweNdlela" yaveliswa yile ndlela ilandelayo:
SEr = V x D x K x IX - HU - I - I - Sr
- I-SEr: I-excitatory potential, okanye amathuba okuba umzimba uza kuvelisa impendulo (r) kwi-stimulus (s)
- : I-stimulus intensity dynamism, nto leyo ithetha ukuba ezinye izisombululo ziya kuba nefuthe elikhulu kunezinye
- D: Dlulisa amandla, esekelwe yimali yobuncwane bendalo
- K: Inzuzo yokukhuthaza, okanye ubukhulu okanye ubukhulu beenjongo
- J: Ukulibaziseka phambi kokuba umzimba uvumelekile ukufuna ukuqiniswa
- SHr: Amandla okuhlala, asekwe ngumlinganiselo wemeko yangaphambili
- I-slr: I-inhibition emiselweyo, ebangelwa ukungabikho kokuqiniswa kwangaphambili
- lr: Ukuvimbela ukusebenza, okanye ukukhathala
- I-Error: Iphutha elingalindelekanga
- SLr: Umyinge wokuphendula, okanye inani elincinci lokuqiniswa eliza kuvelisa ukufunda
Indlela yeHull yayibonwa ngabaninzi njengokuba nzima kakhulu, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo, abahlalutyi baphakamisa ukuba inkolelo yokunciphisa i-drive ayiphumeleli ngokucacileyo ukucacisa abantu. Umsebenzi wakhe, nangona kunjalo, unempembelelo kwingqondo kunye neengcamango ezizayo zokukhuthaza.
Iimvavanyo zeContemporary and Criticisms
Nangona inkolelo kaHull yayidume phakathi kwinqanaba eliphakathi le-20 leminyaka, laqala ukungafuni ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Ngenxa yokugxininisa ekutshintsheni iimpawu zakhe ngendlela ecacileyo ecacileyo, ingcamango yakhe ayinakho ukudala. Nangona kunjalo, ugxininiso lwakhe kwiindlela zobuchule ezinzulu kunye nezindlela zesayensi zinefuthe elibalulekileyo kwintsimi yengqondo.
Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu kwi-theory yokunciphisa i-drive ye-Hull kukuba ayikuziphendulela ukuba i- secondary reinforcers iyanciphisa njani ukuqhuba. Ngokungafani nezixhobo eziphambili ezifana nokulamba nokunxanwa, abaqinisekisi besekondari abakwenzi nto yokunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo imfuno zezinto eziphilayo kunye nezobomi. Thatha imali, umzekelo. Nangona imali ikuvumela ukuba uthenge ama-reinforcers oyintloko, akwenzi nto kwaye ngokwayo ukunciphisa ukuqhuba. Nangona kunjalo, imali isasebenza njengomthombo onamandla wokuqiniswa.
Olunye uhlaselo olukhulu lwenkqutyana yokunciphisa i-drive yinto yokuba akuchazi ukuba kutheni abantu bebandakanya iimpawu ezingenzi ukunciphisa ukuqhuba. Umzekelo, abantu badla ngokutya xa bengalambi okanye batywala xa benganxani. Kwezinye iimeko, abantu bathatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi ekwandisa ukuxhatshazwa okunjengobungqingili bomoya okanye i-bungee jumping. Kutheni abantu befuna imisebenzi engenzi nto ukuzalisekisa iimfuno ze-biological kwaye eyibeka ingozi enkulu? Inkolelo yokunciphisa iDrayivu ayikwazi ukuphendula ngezo ziphatha.
Iimiphumo emva koPhando
Nangona inkolelo kaHull ilahlekelwe yintando yengqondo, kusengumsebenzi wokuqonda ukuchaphazeleka kwanezinye izazi zengqondo ngexesha kunye nokuba luncedo njani ekuncediseni uphando oluthile kwizengqondo.
Ukuze uqonde ngokupheleleyo iingcamango ezaza emva kwayo, kubalulekile ukuba abafundi baqonde iingcamango ze-Hull. Ngokomzekelo, ezininzi iingcamango ezikhuthazayo ezavela ngexesha lama-1950 kunye neye-1960 zenziwa ngokusekelwe kwiingcamango ze-Hull zokuqala okanye zazijoliswe ekunikezeni ezinye iindlela kwi-theory-reduction reduction. Omnye umzekelo omkhulu ngu-Abraham Maslow owaziwayo ngokuzikhethela kweemfuno , ezavela njengenye indlela eya eHull.
> Imithombo:
> Hull CL. Iingqondo eziphikisanayo zokuFunda: Indlela yokuphuma. Ukuphononongwa kwengqondo . 1935; 42: 491-516.
> Schultz DP, Schultz SE. Imbali Yeengqondo Zanamhlanje. Ka 11. Cengage Learning; 2016.