Abaxinezelekileyo yiziyobisi ezivimbela umsebenzi we- nervous system (CNS) kwaye ziphakathi kwezilwanyana ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi. La machiza asebenza ngokuchaphazela i- neurons kwi-CNS, ekhokelela kwimpawu ezifana nokulala, ukuphumula, ukunciphisa ukuvinjelwa, i-anesthesia, ukulala, i-coma, kunye nokufa. Abaninzi bexinzelelo banakho ukufumana umlutha.
Ngoxa i-CNS ziphazamisayo zonke zikwabelana ngesakhono sokunciphisa umsebenzi kwinkqubo yesantya ephakathi kunye namazinga aphantsi okuqwashisa kwingqondo , kukho ukungafani okubalulekileyo phakathi kwezi zinto ngaphakathi kweli klasi leziyobisi. Ezinye zikhuselekileyo kunabanye kwaye ezininzi zichazwe ngokuqhelekileyo kwiinjongo zokwelapha.
Iintlobo zabaxinzelelo
Iziyobisi ezinokuthi zidityaniswe ziquka:
- I-ethyl yotywala
- Barbiturates
- Benzodiazepines
Utywala lwe-Ethyl
Utywala, owaziwa nangokuthi i-ethyl yotywala, ngowona wesibini olusetyenziswa kakhulu kwiziyobisi ezisetyenziswayo kwihlabathi (i-caffeine iyinombolo enye). Ngoxa utywala ngumthetho wezomthetho, unako ukuphakanyiswa kokusetyenziswa kakubi. Uphando olwenziwa ngo-2014 oluqhutywe kakubi kweziyobisi kunye noLawulo lweeNkonzo zezeMpilo zengqondo lubonise ukuba abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-61 e-US abaneminyaka engama-12 babika ukuba bangabinxila. Abanye abantu abayizigidi ezili-16 abaneminyaka engaphezu kwe-12 babika ukuba basebenzise kakhulu utywala.
Ukusetyenziswa kotywala kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweentlobo zentlalo ephezulu.
Ngokwe-American Psychiatric Association, malunga nama-50 ekhulwini kuwo onke amahlaselo, ukubulala abantu, kunye nokufa kweendlela ezibandakanya ukusela utywala (2000).
Barbiturates
Iibharbiturates , ngamanye amaxesha zibhekiswa njengezona ziphantsi, zihlobo lwe-CNS oluxinezelekileyo olubangela ukunyamezela nokuphumla xa kuthathwa amanani amancinci. Ngethuba lesantya sokuqala lama-1900, iibharbiturates zajongwa njengezikhuselekile ezikhuselekileyo, kodwa iingxaki zokuxhatshazwa kunye nokugqithiswa kwezinto ezibulalayo zaza zabonakala ngokukhawuleza.
Iibharbiti zineempembelelo ezinkulu kwiindlela zokulala, ezibangelwa ukulala kwe REM. Ngenxa yokuba amandla okulutha nokugqithisa kakhulu, amanqabana aqhelekanga asetyenziswe ukuphatha iingxaki kunye neengxaki zokulala.
Benzodiazepines
Ii-Benzodiazepines zihlobo lwe-CNS oluxinezelekileyo olusetyenziswe ngokubanzi ukuphatha ukukhathazeka kunye nokuphazamiseka kokulala. Ngowe-1999, ii-benzodiazepines ezine ezahlukileyo zaziphakathi kwezidakamizwa eziphambili ezi-100 e-US (Latner, 2000).
Ngenxa yobuthakathaka babo obuphantsi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, i-benzodiazepines sele isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo njengonyango lwexesha elifutshane lweengxaki zokuxhalaba nokulala. Nangona kunjalo, amandla okuxhomekeka ayenzela unyango olude olukhethiweyo oluncinci kwizinto ezinjengokukhathazeka ngokubanzi , ukuphazamiseka kwangemva kokukhathazeka , kunye neengxaki zokuphazamiseka (uJulien, 2001).
I-Benzodiazepines i-sleeping-inducing, sedative, i-muscle-relaxing, kunye ne-anticonvulsant effects. Ngenxa yezi mpawu, i-benzodiazepines isetyenziselwe ukuphatha imiba emininzi kubandakanya ubunzima bokulala, ukuxhalaba, ukuxhalabisa ngokweqile, ukuphazamiseka kwemisipha kunye nokuthinjelwa.
I-Benzodiazepines ngokuqhelekileyo ibonwa njengekhuselekile kwixesha elifutshane, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide kunokukhokelela ekunyamezelweni, ekuxhomekeke kuyo, kunye neempawu zokuyeka ukuyeka.
Iindlela ezixinezelekileyo
Abaxinezelekileyo basoloko besetyenziselwa ukunciphisa iimpawu ezinxulumene neengxaki ezahlukeneyo, eziquka:
- Ukuxhalabisa, kubandakanya ukuhlaselwa kweentlalo , ukuphazamiseka kwesifo kunye nokukhathazeka okuqhelekileyo
- Ubume obungalunganga obuphambanisayo
- Ukuxinezeleka
- Ukungabikho
- Ukuxhamla
Abacindezelekayo basebenza njani?
Uninzi lweengcinezelo ze-CNS lusebenza ngokunyusa umsebenzi we-neurotransmitter eyaziwa ngokuba yi-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Njengamanye ama- neurotransmitters , i-GABA ithatha imiyalezo esuka kwelinye iseli ukuya kwesinye. Ngokwandisa umthamo we-GABA, umsebenzi wezobuchopho uyanciphisa, okhokelela kwimpembelelo ephumayo. Yingakho ukuthatha uxinzelelo kunokubangela ukuvakalelwa.
Imithombo:
Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika. (2000). Inkcazo yokuxilonga kunye neenkcukacha zeengxaki zengqondo. (4 ed., Umbhalo wokuhlaziya) . IWashington DC: Umbutho wama-American Psychiatric Association.
Hedden, SL, Kennet, J., Lipari, R., Medley, G., & Tice, P. (2015). Iindlela zokuziphatha eziseMelika: Iziphumo ezivela kuhlolo lukazwelonke luka-2014 malunga nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nempilo. Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kunye noMbutho Weenkonzo Zempilo Yengqondo (SAMHSA).
UJulien, RM (2001). I-primer yesenzo seziyobisi. IYew York: Abapapashi abafanelekileyo.
ULatner, A. (2000). Izidakamizwa ezingaphezulu kwama-200 zika-1999. I- Pharmacy Times, 66 , 16-32.
Isizwe seSizwe sokuLawulwa kweziyobisi. (2014). I-CNS icinezela njani ingqondo nomzimba?