Funda malunga namaqela angama-6 e-Psychoactive Drugs
I-Psychoactive, ebizwa nangokuthi i- psychotropic , iyigama elisetyenzisiweyo kwizinto zamachiza ezitshintsha isimo sengqondo somntu ngokuchaphazela indlela ingqondo kunye nesistim somdla. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuxhatshaxeni , okusoloko kubangela isizathu esona sizathu sokuba abantu bakhethe ukuthatha iziyobisi eziphathekayo. Utshintsho lomsebenzi wengqondo olujongene nabantu abasebenzisa izinto ezinengqondo zichaphazela ukucinga kwabo, iimvakalelo kunye / okanye ukuqonda.
Izinto zengqondo zitholakala kwinani lamachiza kunye notywala, iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni kunye nokuzonwabisa, kunye nezinye izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Utywala kunye ne- caffeine yiziyobisi ezisisigxina abantu abaqhelekileyo basebenzise ukuguqula isimo sabo sengqondo. Ezi zi yobisi zitholakala ngokusemthethweni, kodwa ziyakunobungozi ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo xa zithathwa ngokungaphezulu.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantu bayazigqiba nini kwaye bafuna njani ukusebenzisa iziyobisi zengqondo. Kwezinye iimeko, nangona kunjalo, iziyobisi zengqondo zisetyenziselwa ukuguqula isimo sengqondo somntu ukuze umxhaphaze umntu. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo wolu luhlobo lwesigwebo sokudlwengula uRohypnol , olungekho mthethweni e-US Kumelwe uqaphele ukuba ukuthatha izidakamizwa ezichanekileyo ezichanekileyo ngezinye iindlela ngaphandle kokucwangciswa, umzekelo, ukusebenzisa iziyobisi eziye zabelwe omnye umntu, nokuba banikwe zona, akukho mthethweni.
Izinto zendalo, ezinjengama- mushroom e-hallucinogenic kunye ne-cacti, kwaye amaqabunga, iintyatyambo, kunye neziqhamo zezityalo ezithile nazo zingasengqondweni.
Abanye abantu bacinga ukuba, ngenxa yokuba ezi zinto zenzeke ngokwemvelo, azizona zilimaza kunokuba zenziwe iziyobisi. Nangona kunjalo, akunjalo.
Ngokomzekelo, umntu osebenzisa isityalo esichukumisa ingqondo ukuguqula isimo sakhe sengqondo angaba nomngcipheko ophezulu wokugqithisa okanye utyhefu. Isizathu salokhu kukuba umntu othabatha inkunkuma ayinalo ulawulo phezu kwamandla esicatshulwa sisifo esichengileyo okanye isetyhi, njengokuba kukho izidakamizwa ezenziwe.
Kuyafana nokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa zesitalato ezithengwa kumthengisi weziyobisi, ngokuqhelekileyo ukucinywa ngezinye iindidi zezinye izinto ezinokwenzakalayo kunye nokuzalisa, ezinye zazo ezinokungonakalisa.
Iyeza okanye imithi ebizwa ngokuthi "i-psychoactive" ayilindelekanga, nangona ininzi.
Izidakamizwa Zengqondo Zichaza Njani?
Kukho iindlela ezine apho izidakamizwa zengqondo zihlulwa:
- Ngeempembelelo zabo eziqhelekileyo (imiphumo yazo yonke into) kwingqondo nasemzimbeni - umzekelo, i-anti-depressants, i-hypnotics (izibonelelo zokulala), kunye nemichiza esetyenziselwa ukunyanga izimo ezinjengeenkcukacha zokungabikho kwengxaki yokugula (ADHD)
- Ngenxa yokuba banokubangela ukulutha (ukuphakama ukuya phezulu)
- Ngokwakheko lweekhemikhali
- Iishedyuli IV ze-US zokuLawula ukuLawulwa kweeDrug, ekwahlukanisa la mayeza ngamathuba okusetyenziswa kakubi ("mna" uphezulu, "V" uphantsi)
Eli nqaku linika iinkcukacha malunga neziyobisi ezisisigxina.
Amaqela amahlanu eengxubevange zengqondo zivuselela, zixinezelekile, i-narcotics (i-opioids), i-hallucinogens, kunye ne-marijuana (i-cannabis).
Zi khuthaza . Imizekelo yeziphumo zibandakanya ukuphaphama okukhulu, amandla amakhulu, ukunyaniseka, ukuphucula imvakalelo enokufikelela kwimimandla, kunye nezimpendulo zomzimba ezifana nokunyuka kwenhliziyo kunye negazi.
Imizekelo yezikhuthazo ziquka i- caffeine , iicicin , i- amphetamines kunye ne- cocaine . Imizekelo yemiphumo yokusetyenziswa ngokweqile kwe-cocaine ingabandakanya ukukhubeka, ukuguquka kwemizwelo, i-hallucination, intlungu yeentliziyo, intlungu yesifuba, kunye nokufa.
Abacinezeli. Imizekelo yeziphumo zibandakanya iimvakalelo ezincitshisiweyo zokuxhatshazwa, ukukhululeka kokuxhalaba kunye nokuphumula kwemizimba. Ngokusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo, iziphumo zingabandakanya isikhumba se-clammy, ukuphefumula okucothayo kunye nokungafihli, ukuphawuleza okulula kunye nobuthathaka, i-coma, nokufa.
Imizekelo yokuxinezeleka iquka utywala kunye nezoxilongo ezifana ne-benzodiazepines kunye ne-barbiturates.
Opioids . Phantse zonke iziyobisi kweli qela zivela kwi-morphine.
Imizekelo yemiphumo yabo ibandakanya ukukhululeka kwentlungu, ukulala, ukunyamezela, ukudideka, nokuphefumula ukuphefumula (ukuphefumula okuphefumulayo okugcina imiphunga ikhula ngokwaneleyo kunye nokubonelela oksijini okwaneleyo emzimbeni).
Ngokusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo, iziphumo zingabandakanywa isicupunu kunye nokuhlanza, ukuxinwa, ukubopha ukuphefumula, i-coma, nokufa.
Imizekelo ye-opioids iquka ezinye i- painkillers , i-codeine, i-morphine, i-oxycodone kunye ne- heroin . Ezinye i-painkillers ezingaphezu kwe-counter-counter, ezifana ne-aspirin, i-acetaminophen, kunye ne-ibuprofen, ayinayo i-opioids. Nangona kunjalo, zisenokubangela iingxaki zempilo kunye nokugqithisa ngokweqile xa kuthathwa ngokugqithiseleyo.
Hallucinogens . Imizekelo yemiphumo ibandakanya i-paranoia, i- depersonalization (ingqondo yokungabi yinyani), ukucinga, ukuziphatha okungahambi kakuhle, kunye nokunyuka kwengcinezelo yegazi kunye nentliziyo. Iimiphumo zokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo zingabandakanya iingxaki zokucinga nokuthetha, ukulahlekelwa kwememori, ukuxinezeleka, kunye nokulahleka kwesisindo. Ulungxamiseko lwezonyango aluqhelekanga.
Imizekelo ye-hallucinogens iquka i-psilocybin kumakhowe, "i-acid" (LSD), i-ketamine, i-phencyclidine (i-PCP), i-dextromethorphan kunye ne-peyote (mescaline).
Marijuana (i-cannabis). Imizekelo yeempembelelo ezingathintekiyoyo xa i-marijuana ibandakanya utshintsho kwindlela yokuqonda; kuvuya; ukuphumla; iinguqu zokutya; imemori engaphumeleli, ukuxinwa kunye nokulungelelanisa; kwaye utshintsho kwixinzelelo lwegazi. I-Marijuana yilezi ziyeza kuphela eklasini.
Eziphakamileyo zezomthetho ( izidakamizwa eziyiyobisi ). Ukuphakama kwezomthetho izinto eziphathekayo ezithengiswa njengeendlela ezisemthethweni nezendlela ezikhuselekileyo zokuphakama. Zingathengiswa njengezinto ezikhuthaza, i-hallucinogenics, i-sedatives okanye inhlanganisela. Njengoko i-chemical composition ayifumanekanga, ibonisa imingeni ecacileyo kubaxhasi bezonyango, abasebenzi bezonyango kunye noluntu. Ziquka i- salt salts , i- mephedrone , i- W18 , i- MXE kunye nabanye abaninzi.
Imithombo:
> I-American Psychiatric Association. I-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual yeengxaki zeengqondo , i-Fifth Edition, i-American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
> Beynon CM, McVeigh J, Leavey C, Bellis MA. Ukubandakanywa kweeDrugs kunye noTywala kwi-Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault. Uxinzelelo, Ulwaphulo-mthetho, nokuShatshazwa, 9 (3): 178-188. 2008. Ithenda: 10.1177 / 1524838008320221.
> Smith DE, Fort J, i-Craton DL. Iziyobisi zengqondo. I-Journal ye-Psychoactive Drugs . 1 (1): 127. 2007.
> US Ulawulo lweMigaqo yokuLawulwa kweziMilo Iziyobisi zokusetyenziswa gadalala . 2011.