I-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disabilities
Kule ndawo kunye nakwezinye iindawo ezininzi, uya kufumana izikhokelo kwiingxelo zesine neyesine zeNcwadana yokuThengisa neSatistim of Disabilities of the Mind - i-DSM-IV, eyapapashwa ngo-1994, kunye ne-DSM-5, eya kuyitshintsha ku papashwe. Le ncwadana ishicilelwe nguMbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika kwaye iqulethe iimfuno ezisemthethweni zokuhlenga nokuhlola izifo zengqondo.
Esinye isizathu sokuba oku kubalulekile kukuba le ncwadana iqulethe iikhowudi zokuxilonga ngendlela efanayo nezifo zenyama. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ugqirha uxela iimvavanyo zegazi kwaye akunike iphepha ekuthathile ebhayibhile, ibhobhu ingafuna ukuba kukho ikhowudi yokuxilonga kwimiyalelo kuba kufuneka inikezele kwinkampani yakho yinshuwalense. Kuyafana nezifo zengqondo: isifo sengqondo asikwazi nje ukutshela i-inshurensi yakho, "Esi siguli sinenkinga yokuguquka kwengqondo." Kufuneka abanike ikhowudi ethile malunga nohlobo lwe-bipolar disorder.
Imbali ye-DSM
Upapasho lokuqala lwe-DSM lushicilelwe ngo-1952, uluhlu lweengxaki ezingama-66. Ngalunye lwezi ziquka uluhlu olufutshane lweempawu, kunye nolwazi olumalunga nezizathu ezikhanyelayo. Ingqungquthela ye-1968 yayineengxaki ezili-100, kwaye ngowe-1979, ukushicilelwa okwesithathu kwasuka ekugxininiseni kwengqondo, okuqulethwe kwiinkalo ezingama-200 kunye nokuqalisa inkqubo ye-multiple axis (i-Axis I kwi-Axis V).
- I-Axis I - Iingxaki zeKliniki (kubandakanywa ne-bipolar disorder)
- I-Axis II - Ukuphazamiseka komntu kunye nokuLawula kwengqondo
- I-Axis III - Iziganeko Zonyango jikelele
- I-Axis IV - Iingxaki zengqondo kunye nezosingqongileyo (iingcinezelo)
- I-Axis V - Uvavanyo loHlabathi lweMisebenzi
I-DSM-IV yaqala ukupapashwa ngo-1994, kwaye iphephancwadi ehlaziyiweyo ngo-2000, ebizwa ngokuba yi-DSM-IV-TR (nangona "TR," okanye ukuhlaziywa kwimiqulu, kaninzi yayingenakulinganiswa kumanqaku achaza le ncwadi).
Ngenkathi udibanisa kunye ne-"Axis" nkqubo, olu hlobo luye lwaphula izifo kunye neempawu ukuya phantsi kumacandelo okanye "imithi yesigqibo." Nasi umzekelo okhawulezayo:
- Iimpawu ezimele zifakwe.
- Kufuneka kubekho iimpawu ezintathu okanye ngaphezulu ezivela kuhlu:
- Isibonakalisi A
- Isibonakalisi B
- ISimpawu C
- Isibonakalisi D
- Isibonakaliso E
- Umqathango ongeke ube khona.
I-DSM-5 entsha
Ishicilelwe ngo-2013, i-DSM-5 yenza utshintsho oluninzi, ezinye zazo ziphikisana, ezinye azikho. Eyona nto ibonakalayo yile nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-DSM-5 esikhundleni se-DSM-V. Ukutshintsha ukusuka kumaRoma ukuya kwii-Arabhu kuthetha ukuba, endaweni yokusebenzisa inkqubo enzima apho i-2000 ibizwa ngokuba yi "DSM-IV-TR," nayiphi na inguqulelo ngoku ingabizwa ngokuthi "iDSM-5.1," njl njl, ukwenza izinto zibe zicacileyo.
Inguqu enkulu kukuba i-Axis system ishiyiwe. Kunoko, kukho iahluko ezingama-20 ezineenkalo zeengxaki ezinxulumene nazo. "I-Bipolar kunye neengxaki ezichaphazelekayo" yinto enye. Eminye imizekelo:
- Ukukhathazeka ngokuxhalabisa
- Ukunyamezela-Ukunyanzeliswa kunye neengxaki ezihambisanayo
- Izifo ezixinzeleleyo
- Ukutya nokukhathazeka kokutya
- Iingxaki zobuntu
Enye yeengxabano ezinkulu kukuba i-Asperger's Syndrome, i-diagnostic ehlobene ne-Autism, isusiwe. Abazali abaninzi abanabantwana abanokuxilongwa ngokuba ne-Asperger boyika abantwana babo baya kulahlekelwa iinkonzo ezixhasayo.
Ezinye iinguqu zenzekile kwiintsholongwane zezilwanyana ezibangele ukuphikisana okukhulu, kwanokubangela ubuncinane ukuba omnye umntu onguchwepheshe weengqondo angene emsebenzini kwi-DSM-5 ye-Child and Adolescent Disorders workgroup.
I-Bipolar Disorder kwi-DSM-5
Nangona ubuntwabungqina bebipolar ebuntwaneni sele buchazwe kakuhle kwaye zisetyenziswe (nangona kungabonakali kwi-DSM-IV) iminyaka emininzi, ingxaki yesifo se-bipolar yezilwanyana ayiyiyo i-diagnostic entsha kwi-DSM-5. Kunoko, abantwana abaneempawu ezinjalo banokuthi bangene kuyo nayiphi na inqanaba lokuphazamiseka, ukuLawula umfutho, kunye nokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha, okanye ukuxilongwa okuyinxalenye yoluhlu lweengxaki ezixinzeleleyo, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder.
Indlela oku kudlalwa ngayo oku kuqhubeka kubonakala.
Kudala ukukhubazeka kwengqondo yokudala i-bipolar, kukho izifo ezi-5 ezifumanekayo:
- C 00 I-Bipolar I Disorder
- C 01 Bipolar II Disorder
- C 02 I-Cyclothymic Disorder
- I-C 03 Into-I-Bipolar Disorder
- C 04 I-Bipolar Disorder edibene nenye yezoNyango
- I-C 05 I-Bipolar Disorder Not Other Distribution
Iinguqu ziquka:
- Ukupheliswa kwe "Mixed episode". Esikhundleni saloo, isiqhelo somntu, isiqendu okanye isixhexu singachazwa ngokuthi "Ngezinto ezixubileyo," umcacisi kunye nencazelo yalo kwincwadi.
- Ukuxilongwa kwe-Bipolar II kwi-DSM-IV ingabandakanyi imbali yeepisodes ezixubekileyo. Ukukhutshwa oku kususwe, utshintsho olubalulekileyo.
- Ukongezelela, utshintsho olufihlakeleyo kukuba igama "ngokungavumelekanga" alifakiwe kwiCandelo le-A yesiganeko se-hypomanic, ngelixa kwakukho kwisiCwangciso se-A sesiganeko somntu. Oku kuzisa iikhrayitheriya ezipheleleyo zeentlobo ezimbini ezihlukeneyo zeepisodes ngokusondelana kunye.
Uhlobo ngalunye lwesifo sengqondo se-bipolar linezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi- specifiers (ezifana ne "With Mixed Features," ngasentla) ecacisa ngakumbi ukugula. Okuphawulekayo kukuba ababini abacacisi kwi-DSM-IV-TR abaye basuswa "Kokuxoxwa ngokupheleleyo" kunye "nokuKhutshwa okuKhethekileyo."
Iimpawu ezikhoyo zokuxilongwa kwe-Bipolar Disfers and Episodes
Kuze kube ngu-DSM-5 epapashwe ngokwenene, iinjongo zokuxilongwa ngokusemthethweni zi:
1. Kwi-Bipolar Disorder:
- I-Bipolar I Disorder
- Bipolar II Disorder
- I-Cyclothymic Disorder (Cyclothymia)
- I-Bipolar Akunjalo Ngenye indlela
2. Iipisisithi:
Imithombo:
UBradley, D. "I-DSM-5 ephakanyisiweyo: ukuguqulwa nokuguqulwa." Ukusebenzisana kaZwelonke kwiMpilo yengqondo.
Dobbs, D. "I-New Temper Tantrum Disorder." Slate . 7 kuMfumfu 2012.
I-American Psychiatric Association yoMbutho we-DSM-5. I-Bipolar I Disorder.
I-American Psychiatric Association yoMbutho we-DSM-5. Bipolar II Disorder.
I-American Psychiatric Association yoMbutho we-DSM-5. Isiqephu somntu.
> I-American Psychiatric Association yoMbutho we-DSM-5. Isiqendu se-Hypomanic.
I-American Psychiatric Association yoMbutho we-DSM-5. Isiqendu esicinezelayo esikhulu.
I-American Psychiatric Association yoMbutho we-DSM-5. Iinkcukacha ezixubileyo.