Ama-akhawunti, unyango kunye neenkolelo kwixesha elide
Nangona kungekho mntu ongatshatyalaliswa ekufumaneni ukuxinezeleka, kuye kwavela uluhlu olubanzi lweengcamango eziye zanikela-kwaye ziqhubeka nokufaka isandla-ekuqondeni kwethu ukuqonda ngokuchanekileyo kwesi sigulo. Nantsi imbonakalo yembali yokudakumba.
Iingxelo zokugqibela zoxinzelelo
Iingxelo zokuqala ezibhaliweyo zento esiyaziyo ngoku ukuba ukudakumba kubonakala kwikhilomitha yesibili BC
eMesopotamia. Kule mibhalo, ukuxinezeleka kwaxutyushwa njengokomoya kunesimo somzimba, kunye nayo, kunye nezinye izifo zengqondo, ezicingelwa ukuba zibangelwa yiidemon. Ngaloo ndlela, kwakuthatyathwa ngababingeleli kunokuba oogqirha.
Iingcamango zokudakumba njengoko zibangelwa ziidemon kunye nemimoya emibi zikhona kwiinkcubeko ezininzi, kuquka amaGrike, amaRoma, amaBabiloni, amaTshayina namaYiputa, kwaye wayehlala ephathwa ngeendlela ezifana nokubetha, ukunyanzelwa ngokwenyama kunye nendlala ukukhupha iidemon. Kodwa amaGrike kunye namaRoma amandulo, nangona kunjalo, ayenengqondo emibini ngolu hlobo, kwaye oogqirha abaninzi bacinga ukuba yiyogulo lwezinto eziphilayo kunye nengqondo. La oogqirha basebenzisa iindlela zokwelapha ezifana ne-gymnastics, ukuxilisa, ukutya, umculo, ukuhlamba kunye neyeza eline-poppy extract kunye nobisi lweesile ukuze baphathe izigulane zabo.
Iikholelwa Zangaphambili Kwizinto Ezibonakalayo Zengxaki Yokudakumba
Ngokuphathelele izizathu ezibonakalayo, ugqirha ongumGrike ogama linguHippocrates uvakaliswa ngoluvo lokuba ukudakumba, okanye i-melancholia njengoko kwaziwa ngoko, kubangelwa ukungalingani kwamanzi omzimba omane, abizwa ngokuba ngabahlaziyi: ubhiya obuphuzi, ubhiya obumnyama, i-phlegm kunye negazi .
Ngokukodwa, i-melancholia yayibangelwa ukugqithisa ubuninzi bebhile emnyama kwipeni. Impilo yokhetho lwama-Hippocrates yayiquka ukuhambisa igazi, ukuhlamba, ukuvuthwa, nokutya.
Umfilosofi waseRoma nomntu ogama lakhe linguCicero, ngokuchaseneyo, babekholelwa ukuba i-melancholia ibangelwa zizizathu zengqondo ezifana nokufutheka, ukwesaba kunye nentlungu.
Kwiminyaka yokugqibela ngaphambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo, inkolelo eqhelekileyo phakathi kwala maRoma afundiswa kukuba ukudandatheka kunye nezinye izifo zengqondo kubangelwa yiidemon kunye nomsindo wabonkulunkulu.
Ukuxinezeleka Kubangelwa Nonyango Kwixesha Eliqhelekileyo
UKornelius Celsus (25 BC-AD 50) uchazwa njengento ekhuthazayo yonyango olunzima kakhulu yindlala, iinkukhu kunye nokubetha kwiimeko zokugula kwengqondo. Kodwa ugqirha wasePheresi ogama linguRhazes (AD 865-925), nangona kunjalo, wabona ukugula kwengqondo njengoko kuvela kwingqondo kwaye wakhuthaza unyango olunjalo njengamahlambi kunye nefuthe lonyango lokuqala lokuziphatha olubandakanya imivuzo emihle yokuziphatha okufanelekileyo.
Ngexesha leMinyaka Ephakathi, inkolo, ingakumbi yobuKrestu, yayibangela ukucinga kweYurophu ngokugula kwengqondo, nabantu baphinda babonisa ukuba nguSathana, iidemon okanye abathakathi. Ukugqithisa, ukucwina, nokutshisa kwakuthatywayo oludumile lwexesha. Abaninzi babevalelwe "kwiindawo zokuhlala zendawo." Ngoxa abanye oogqirha baqhubeka befuna izizathu ezibonakalayo zokudandatheka kunye nezinye izifo zengqondo, bebancinci.
Ngethuba lokuhlaziywa kwe-Renaissance, eyaqala ngekhulu le-14 leminyaka laseItali kwaye lasasazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu ngexesha le-16 nele-17 leminyaka, ubugqirha obuzingelayo kunye nokubulawa kwabantu abagula ngengqondo kwakusasaqhelekanga; Nangona kunjalo, oogqirha bebehlaziya ingcamango yokugula ngengqondo kunesimo esingokwemvelo.
Ngonyaka we-1621, uRobert Burton washicilela incwadi ebizwa ngokuba yi- Anatomy of Melancholy apho echaze izizathu zentlalo nezengqondo zokubandezeleka ezinjengeentlupheko, ukwesaba, kunye nesizungu. Kulo mqulu, wenza iziphakamiso ezinjengokutya, ukuzivocavoca, ukuhamba, ukuhlambalaza (ukucima i-toxins emzimbeni), ukuchitha igazi, izityalo kunye nomculo unyango ekwenzeni unyango.
Ikhulu le-18 nele-19 leminyaka
Ngexesha le-18 neye-19 leminyaka, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Age of Enlightenment, ukuxinezeleka kuye kwabonakala kubuthathaka kwisimo esifanelekileyo kwaye asinakuguqulwa, kunye nombono ophumela ekubeni abantu abaneli meko bafanele bavalelwe okanye bavalelwe.
Ngethuba lokugqibela leXesha lokuKhanya, oogqirha baqala ukuphakamisa imbono yokuba ulwalamano lwaluyimpembelelo yale mqathango. Unyango olunjengokuzilolonga, ukutya, umculo, kunye neziyobisi ngoku zikhuthazwe kwaye oogqirha bacebisa ukuba kubalulekile ukuthetha ngeengxaki zakho nabahlobo bakho okanye ugqirha. Abanye oogqirha bathetha ngokudakumba ngenxa yokungquzulana kwangaphakathi phakathi kokufunayo nento owaziyo ukuba ilungile. Kwaye abanye bafuna ukuchonga izizathu ezibangela le meko.
Ukunyangwa koxinzelelo ngexesha loLwazi lokuKhanya kwakuquka ukucwiliswa kwamanzi (abantu babegcinwa ngaphantsi kwamanzi ixesha elide kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokugwina) kunye nesitampu sokuthambisa ukuze kuqhutywe utywala, okukholelwa ukuba ukubuyisela ubuchopho kwiindawo zabo ezichanekileyo. UBenjamin Franklin uvakaliswe ukuba uye wavelisa uhlobo lokuqala lwe-electroshock therapy ngeli xesha. Ukongezelela, ukugibela ihashe, ukutya, ukutya, nokuhlanza kwakukhuthazwa unyango.
Iinkolelo Zangoku Ngokuphathelele Uxinzelelo
Ngomnyaka we-1895, isifo sengqondo esingumJalimane u-Emil Kraepelin waba ngowokuqala ukuhlukanisa ukudakumba komntu , esiyifumene ngoku njengengxaki yokuguquka kwe-bipolar, njengesifo esahlukileyo kwi-praecox yesifo sengqondo (i-term for schizophrenia ngelo xesha). Ngeli xesha, ingcamango ye-psychodynamic kunye ne- psychoanalysis- uhlobo lwe-psychotherapy olusekelwe kule ngcamango-lwaphuhliswa.
Ngomnyaka we-1917, uSigmund Freud wabhala malunga nokulila kunye ne-melancholia apho afundise khona nge-melancholia njengempendulo yokulahlekelwa, nokuba yinyani (umzekelo, ukufa) okanye ukufanekisela (ukungaphumeleli ukufezekisa injongo efunwayo). UFrud waqhubeka ekholelwa ukuba ukungahlali komsindo ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwakhe kukukhokelela ekuzondleni nasekuziphatheni okubi. Wayecinga ukuba i-psychoanalysis inokukunceda umntu azimisele ukulungisa iingxabano ezingenakuqonda, ukunciphisa iingcamango ezizilimazayo kunye nokuziphatha. Abanye oogqirha ngeli xesha, nangona kunjalo, babona ukudandatheka njengengxaki yengqondo.
Unyango lwengcinezelo kwixesha elidlulileyo
Ngexesha le-19 kunye neyekuqala kwekhulu lama-20, unyango lwexinzelelo olubi kakhulu alukholwanga ukunceda izigulane, ezikhokelela abantu abaninzi banqwenela ukukhululeka ukuba babe ne-lobotomies, ezo zonyango zokutshabalalisa isahlulo sangaphambili sengqondo. Ezi zonyango zachazwa ukuba zine "impembelelo". Ngelishwa, i-lobotomie ibangele ibangele ukuguquka komuntu, ukulahlekelwa kwekhono lokwenza izigqibo, ukugweba kakubi, ngamanye amaxesha kwaze kwaholela ekufeni kwesigulane. Unyango lwe-electroconvulsive , oluyi-electrical shock usetyenziswe kwisikratshi ukuze kuqhutywe ukutshatyalaliswa, ngamanye amaxesha kusetyenziswa izigulane ezinexinzelelo.
Ngethuba le-1950 kunye ne-60, oogqirha bahlula ukuxineka kwiintlobo ze-" endogenous " (ezivela emzimbeni) kunye ne "neurotic" okanye "i-reactive" (evela kwinguqulelo ethile kwimeko). Ukudandatheka okugqithiseleyo kwakucingelwa ukuba kubangelwa i-genetics okanye enye impazamo yenyama, ngelixa i-neurotic okanye i-reactive type of depress ikholelwa ukuba yiphumo lenye ingxaki ngaphandle kokufa okanye ukulahlekelwa ngumsebenzi.
Iminyaka ye-1950 yayiyiminyaka ebalulekileyo ekunyangekeni kwexinzelelo ngenxa yokuba oogqirha baqaphela ukuba imithi yesifo sofuba ebizwa ngokuthi i-isoniazid ibonakala iyincedo ekuphatheni uxinzelelo kwabanye abantu. Apho unyango lwexinzelelo lwaluye lwajoliswa kuphela kwi-psychotherapy, unyango lwezonyango luqale lwaphuhliswa kwaye ludibaniswa kumxube. Ukongezelela, izikolo ezitsha zokucinga, ezifana neengcamango zendlela yokuziphatha kunye neentsapho zivela njengendlela eya kutshintshwa kwimiqondo yengqondo yokuxineka.
Ukuqonda kwethu Ukuxinezeleka Namhlanje
Ngexesha langoku, ukuxinezeleka kuthathwa njengento evela kubambiswano lwezinto ezininzi, kubandakanywa nezinto eziphilayo, ezengqondo kunye neentlalo. I-Psychotherapy kunye neyeza ezijolise kwiimoduli ezibizwa ngokuthi i-neurotransmitters ngokuqhelekileyo unyango olukhethiweyo, nangona unyango lwe-electroconvulsive lungasetyenziswa kwiimeko ezithile, ezinjengezoxinzelelo ezinganyangekiyo okanye unyango olunzima apho kufuneka uncedo olukhawulezayo.
Olunye, olutsha, ukwelashwa, kuquka ukuvuselelwa kwamagnetic kunye nokuvuselelwa kwamagulane , kuye kwaphuhliswa kwiminyaka yamuva ngenzame yokunceda abo baye bahluleka ukuphendula unyango kunye nemichiza, kuba ngelishwa, izizathu zokudakumba ziyinkimbinkimbi kunokuba esiyiqondayo, kungekho nonyango olulodwa olunika iziphumo eziyanelisayo kuwo wonke umntu.
Imithombo:
Economist. Ukuxinezeleka Ngama-Ages: Uhambo lokuxhatshazwa. Ishicilelwe ngoMeyi 26, 2012. I-Economist Newspaper Limited.
ZeMpilo. I-Hysteria, iidemon, kunye nokunye: Uxinzelelo kwiMbali. Iimveliso zezeMpilo zeMpilo. Inc.
Nemade R, Reiss NS, Dombeck M. "Ukuxinezeleka okukhulu kunye nokunye ukuphulukana kwe-Unipolar." I-MentalHelp.net, i-CentreSite, LLC.