Inkcazo, Ukuxilongwa, kunye neCriteria
Ukuxhatshazwa komntu odibeneyo kubhekisela kuhlobo lwesifo sengqondo esingangena kwiintlungu ezinobuntu ezilishumi. Kunokwenzeka ukuba abantu babe neempawu okanye iimpawu zengxaki enye yobuntu ngexesha elifanayo, ngelixa bengayinakuthatyathwa kwindlela yokukhetha nayiphi na enye. Kwi-DSM-IV, oku kuthethwa ngokuthi "Ukukhubazeka komntu ngokungafaniyo ngokucacileyo (NOS).
Oku kuye kwafakwa endaweni ye- DSM-5 ngo-Personality Disorder-Trait Specified (PD-TS). kwaye iimpawu zidweliswe ngaphandle.
I-PD-TS ayilona uhlobo olumangalisa njengoko kukho ukuphazamiseka okuphawulekayo phakathi kweempawu ezininzi zezifo zobuntu. Nangona singaqondi zonke izizathu zokuphazamiseka komntu, zikho izizathu kunye nokuba mhlawumbi zingaphantsi kwesinye sezi ngxaki. Ekubeni oku kwindlela "yokubamba yonke into" kubantu abaneempawu ezininzi zeengxaki ezahlukeneyo zobuntu, kukho uluhlu olubanzi lweempawu phakathi kwabantu abathwele ukuxilongwa.
Ziziphi iingxaki zomntu?
Uninzi lwabantu lunobuntu obunokuguquguquka obuvumela ukuba bavumelane neemeko ezahlukeneyo, abantu kunye neziganeko. Abantu abanenkinga yobuntu, kunoko, banamathela kwiindlela ezintle ezinxulumene nabantu kunye neziganeko. Ezi ngcamango ezinzima zingathintela indlela abacinga ngayo ngabo kunye nehlabathi elibangqongileyo, indlela abavakalelwa ngayo, indlela abasebenza ngayo kuluntu kunye nendlela abakwazi ngayo ukulawula iimpembelelo zabo.
Ukungaxhatshazwa koBuntu kufumana njani?
Ukuze kufumaneke ukuba unesifo somntu, umntu kufuneka abonise iimpawu ezihambelana neendlela zokuxilonga ezisungulwe kwi-DSM-5, kuquka:
- Ezi ndlela zendlela yokuziphatha mazibe zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala ziphazamisekile, zichaphazela iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobomi bomntu, kubandakanywa ukusebenza komsebenzi, umsebenzi, isikolo kunye nobudlelwane obusondeleyo.
- Umntu kufuneka abonise iimpawu ezichaphazela ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu kwezi ndawo zilandelayo:
- Iingcamango
- Imizwa
- Ukusebenza phakathi
- Ukulawula umfutho
- Umzekelo wendlela yokuziphatha kufuneka uzinze ngexesha lonke kwaye ube nokuqala okuya kulandelwa ukusukela ebusheni okanye ekudala.
- Ezi ziphatha azikwazi ukuchazwa nayiphi na enye ingxaki yengqondo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi okanye imeko yonyango.
Ngelixa i-DSM-5 igcina indlela ye-DSM-IV yokujonga ukukhathazeka komntu, yavelisa enye indlela, ebonisa ukuba ingaba yindawo yokufunda kwangomso. Ukusebenzisa lo mzekelo, umzekelo we-hybrid, oogqirha baya kuhlola ubuntu baze baxilonge ingxaki yomntu ngokusetyenziselwa ubunzima beengxaki ezithile ekusebenzeni kwabo, kunye neendlela eziqhelekileyo zokuziphatha kwabantu.
Iintlobo zeengxaki zobuntu
Ingxaki yomntu ichazwa njengesifo esingapheliyo nengqondo esasigxina esichaphazela iingcamango, ukuziphatha kunye nokusebenza ngokubambisana. I-DSM-5 iyaqaphela ukuphazamiseka kwezinto ezihlukeneyo ezilishumi, ezilungiselelwe zibe ngamaqela amathathu:
ICluster A: Engahambelaniyo, izifo ze-Eccentric Disorders
- I-Paranoid Personal Disorder-I- paranoid ubuntwabungqina buntu ibonakaliswe ukwesaba okungapheliyo kunye nokungathembeki kwabanye abantu kunye nenkolelo yokuba abanye bayakhohlisa okanye baxhaphaze. Iyenzeka kwiphesenti enye ukuya kweyabini yabemi kwaye ihamba ngeendlela ezithile nge-schizophrenia.
- I-Schizoid Personhood Disorder- I- Schizoid ubungozi bomntu ibonakaliswe ukungakhathaleli kwabanye abantu. Abo bane-disorder bahlala benomdla kakhulu ekwenzeni ubudlelwane obusondeleyo nabanye abantu.
- I-Schizotypal Personality Disorder-Schizotypal ukuphazamiseka komntu, imeko echaphazela malunga neepesenti ezintathu zabemi, imakwe ngcamango engacacile kunye nokuziphatha. Abantu abanenkinga bahlala benokucinga ngomlingo, umzekelo, bakholelwa ukuba banokufunda ikusasa. kunye nokuxhalabisa kakhulu kwintlalontle.
Iqela lamaB: Iimpawu ezidakisayo, ezomzwelo, okanye eziphene
- Ukukhathazeka komntu ongenamntu-Kucingelwa ukuba i-7.6 yezigidi zabantu baseMerika bahlupheke ngenxa yokungabikho kwempilo yabantu , ingxaki apho abantu bangalimaza ngabanye abantu ngenjongo yokuzilimaza ngamabango kwaye bangabandakanyi intlungu eyenziwa ngabani na ngaphandle kwabo. Ukungabi novelwano (ukungabikho kokukhathalela abanye) kunye nokungahambi kakubi (isazela encinane malunga nemisebenzi yabo enkohlakalo) kaninzi kubangele ukuziphatha okubi.
- Umngcipheko woMntu woMda weMida-Ubunzima bomntu obomngcipheko oqhelekileyo luhlala lukhokelela ekudibaneni kunye nobudlelwane obukhulu ngenxa yomsindo kunye nobudlova kwabanye kubandakanywa ukwesaba okukhulu ukushiywa. Laba bantu bahlala bebandakanya ukuziphatha okuyingozi, kwaye banokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okubi.
- I-Histrionic Personality Disorder- I- Histrionic personality disorder ichaphazela malunga neepesenti eziyi-1.8 yabemi kwaye iquka ukudibanisa kwemizwa engachanekanga kunye nokufunwa kweengqalelo kunye nokuziphatha okucwangcisayo. Ukuzibulala ngokuqhelekileyo akunxulumene nokudakumba, kodwa kunendlela yokuphatha abanye.
- I-Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) - I- Narcissistic personality disorder ibonakalisa ukuzingca ngokweqile, ingqiqo yokubaluleka kwayo, nokungabikho kwengqondo okanye ukukhathalela abanye. Isifo esiqhelekileyo siqhelwe ngokuqala kungekhona kumntu onenkinga, kodwa ngenxa yomonakalo ongokomzwelo owenzela abo bantu abanomntu ochaphazelekayo ngeNPD.
ICluster C: Ukukhathazeka okanye ukukhathazeka okwesabisayo
- Ukukhubazeka koMntu- ukugwema ukuphazamiseka komntu kubonakala ngentloni kunye nobuzwe bokugxeka abanye. Ngokuqhelekileyo kudibene nezinye iimeko zempilo yengqondo ezifana nokukhathazeka kokuxhalaba kunye neentlalo zentlalo.
- Ukuxhatshazwa komntu oxhomekeke kumntu-Uxinzelelo lomntu oluthembekileyo lubonakalisa ukwesaba okukhulu kunye nokungakwazi ukwenza izigqibo. Le ngxaki iyona nto imfuneko yokuba "yintleko yabantu" kwaye inokubangela ukuba kufutshane nokukhubazeka kunye nokukwazi ukwenza izigqibo zansuku zonke (ngaphandle kwegalelo labanye) kubalulekile ukusebenza kakuhle kwihlabathi langaphandle.
- Ukukhathazeka komntu okugqithisileyo-okuyi-2.5 ekhulwini yabemi kulindeleke ukuba babandezeleke ngenxa yokuphazamiseka komntu ngokunyanisekileyo kwimeko ethile ebomini babo. Kubonakala ngokugqithiswa okubhekiselwe kuzo ngokunyanzeliswa. Ukuqaphela kukusoyika ukwesaba okungenangqiqo, mhlawumbi ukwesaba izifo, ezijongene nokunyanzelwa kwezandla, ezifana nokuhlamba izandla ngokuphindaphindiweyo apho ukunyanzeliswa kubangela ukungakwazi ukuhlala ngokuqhelekileyo.
Ukuxilongwa ngokungafaniyo koMntu oHlangeneyo
Ngaphambi kokuba ugqirha unokwazi ukuxilonga ingxaki yomntu, kufuneka akhuphe ezinye izifo okanye iimeko zonyango ezinokubangela iimpawu. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu, kodwa kunokuba kunzima njengoko iimpawu ezibonakalisa ukuphazamiseka komntu zihlala zifana nezinye zeengxaki kunye nezifo. Izifo zengqondo nazo ziqheleke kunye nezinye izifo.
Ezi zilandelayo zizinto ezihlukeneyo ezinokuthi zimele zilawulwe ngaphandle kokuxilonga umntu onesifo somntu:
- Ukuhlukunyezwa kwesiyobisi
- Ukukhathazeka ngokuxhalabisa
- Ukuxinezeleka
- Dissociative Disorders
- IPhobia yeNtlalo
- Uxinzelelo lweNgxaki yokuPhathwa kwengxaki
- Schizophrenia
Ukuphila kunye noTyango lweMixed Personality Disorder
Ekubeni iimpawu kunye neempawu zokuxhatshazwa komntu ezixubekileyo zihamba ngokubanzi, akukho nonyango oluthile oluncedo kubo bonke abantu abane-PD-TS. Iimpawu ezithile ezikhoyo zihlala ziphathwa ngokungathi umntu uhlangabezane nemigqaliselo yesinye sezifo ezichazwe ngasentla.
Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umntu udibana noko, kodwa akusiyo yonke imilinganiselo yokudabuka komntu ongenamkhawulo, unyango lweengxaki zomntu ezinjenge- borderline ezinjengeengqondo zengqondo zingase zilandelwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, unyango lweengxaki zobuntu lunzima, kwaye kufuneka umntu abe neengxaki ezifuna kakhulu ukuphinda asebenzise unyango. I-Psychotherapy isoloko isebenzayo kuneemithi.
Imithombo:
Clark, L., Vanderbleek, E., Shapiro, J. et al. Ihlabathi Elitsha Elinobungqina Lokukhathazeka Kwemntu-Inkqubo Ecacileyo: Imiphumo yeeNkcazo ezongezelelweyo kwiNgqinisiso, ukuPhelela, kunye noKhuseleko. Ukuhlolwa kweengqondo . 2015. 2 (1): 52-82.