Nangona sonke sinokuthanda ukukholelwa ukuba sinengcamango kwaye sinengqiqo, into edidekileyo kukuba sihlala siphantsi kwefuthe leengcamango eziphazamisa ukucinga kwethu, ukuphazamisa iinkolelo zethu, size senze izigqibo kunye nezigwebo esizenzayo ngalunye suku.
Ngamanye amaxesha ezi zinto zingabonakali, kwaye usenokufumanisa ukuba uyazi ukuba zezi zihlandlo. Ezinye zikhohlisayo kangangokuthi azinakuze zibone.
Ekubeni ingqalelo yethu yinkxaso engqongqo kwaye asinako ukuvavanya zonke iinkcukacha kunye nesiganeko ekuveliseni iingcamango zethu nemibono, kukho indawo efanelekileyo yezi ngxaki zokungena kwinkqubo yethu yengcamango kwaye zichaphazele izigqibo zethu. Ezi zilandelayo zimbalwa zeengxaki ezahlukeneyo ezinokwakheka kwengqondo ezinokuba nefuthe elinamandla kwindlela ocinga ngayo, indlela ozivakalelwa ngayo, nendlela oziphatha ngayo.
I-I-Confirmation Bias
Ubungqina bokuqinisekisa buxhomekeke ekufumaneni ukuba abantu bathambekele ukuphulaphula ngokuphindaphindiweyo ulwazi oluqinisekisa iinkolelo zabo. Ngalo mbandela, abantu bathambekele ekuthandeni ulwazi oluqinisekisa iimfundiso zabo zangaphambili.
Oku kubonakala ngokucacileyo xa kufikelele kwimicimbi efana nokulawulwa kwezibhamu nokufudumala kwehlabathi. Esikhundleni sokuphulaphulwa kwicala elichasileyo kunye nokuqwalasela zonke iinkcukacha ngendlela enengqiqo nangengqiqo, abantu bathambekela nje ukukhangela izinto ezomeleza oko bakucinga ukuba ziyinyaniso.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, abantu ngamacandelo amabini enkathazo banokuphulaphula ibali elifanayo, kwaye ngamnye uya kuhamba ngokuchazwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo ukuba bazive eqinisekisa ingcamango yabo ekhoyo. Oku kudla ngokubonisa ukuba ubuqili bokuqinisekisa busebenza "ukukhankanya" iimvo zabo.
2 - I-Hindsight Bias
Ukunyaniseka kwezinto ezibuhlungu kukuxhamla ngokubanzi okubandakanya ukuthambekela kwabantu ukubona iziganeko, nokuba zikhethiweyo, njengoko zichazwe ngakumbi.
Kwesinye i-classic test psychology, abafundi beekholeji baceliwe ukuba baxelele ukuba bacinga ukuba ngoko-otyunjelwe nguClarence Thomas uya kuqinisekiswa kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US. Ngaphambi kwevoti yeSenate, iipesenti ezingama-58 zabafundi bacinga ukuba uTomas uya kuqinisekiswa. Abafundi baphinde baphinda baphinda balandela ukuqinisekiswa kukaTomas, kwaye i-78% yabantwana bathetha ukuba babekholelwa ukuba uTomas uya kuqinisekiswa.
Olu tyekelo lokujonga emva kweziganeko kwaye sikholwe ukuba "sazi yonke into" ngokumangalisayo. Ukulandela iimviwo, abafundi bahlala bekhangela emva kwemibuzo baze bacinge "Ngokuqinisekileyo! Ndayazi ukuba! "Nangona belilahlekile okokuqala ngqa. Abatyalomali babukela emva kwaye bakholelwa ukuba babekwazi ukuxela ukuba yeyiphi iinkampani zobuchwepheshe eza kuba yimpumelelo.
Ukuxhamla ngokukhawuleza kwenzeka ngokudibanisa izizathu, kubandakanya amandla ethu okuthi "siphumelele" ukubikezela kwangaphambili, ukuthambekela kwethu ukujonga imicimbi ngokungenakugwemeka, kunye nokuthambekela kwethu ukukholelwa ukuba sasizibonela phambili iziganeko ezithile.
3 - I-Anchoring Bias
Sivame ukuba nefuthe eliphambili ngcaciso yokuqala esiyiva, into ebizwa ngokuba yintsebenziswano okanye i-anchoring effect. Ngokomzekelo, inombolo yokuqala evakaliswe ngexesha lothethwano lwentengo liba yindawo ekumisela kuyo yonke ingxoxo. Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba ukuba nabathathi-nxaxheba bakhetha inombolo enokungafaniyo kunokuchaphazela oko abantu bayicinga xa bebuzwa imibuzo engahambelaniyo, njengamazwe amaninzi ekhona e-Afrika.
Le nkathazo encinci yokuqonda ingachukumisi nje izinto ezifana nomvuzo okanye intetho. Ngokomzekelo, oogqirha banokubakhokelela ekuthandeni izigulane xa befumanisa izigulane. Okokuqala ukubonakala kwonyango kwesigulane kubakho ukudala iphuzu lokumisela elingelinokuchaphazela ngokungalunganga zonke iimvavanyo zokuxilonga. Ukuba ububona ugqirha omtsha kwaye uyakucela ukuba umxelele ibali lakho lonke nangona yonke into kufanele ibe kwiirekhodi zakho, kungenxa yoko. Ngokuqhelekileyo ugqirha, okanye ngokufanayo nabani na ozama ukufikelela phantsi kweengxaki, ofumana inkcazelo ebalulekileyo enganakukhathala ngenxa yesigxina.
4 - Impembelelo yeNkcazelo
Izikhumbuzo zethu zeziganeko ezikhethekileyo zihlala zichaphazela kakhulu izinto ezenzeka emva kwesiganeko ngokwaso, into eyaziwa ngokuba yimpembelelo engalunganga . Umntu onobungqina bengozi yemoto okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho unokukholelwa ukuba ukukhumbula kwabo kukhanya ngokucacileyo, kodwa abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba imemori imangalisa nakwiimpawu ezintle.
Ngomnye uvavanyo lweklasikhi u- Elizabeth Loftus onommori , abantu ababukele ividiyo yokuphazamiseka kwemoto babuye babuzwa omnye wemibandela emibini ehlukileyo: "Zihamba ngokukhawuleza kangakanani iimoto xa zithandana ?" Okanye "Zihamba ngokukhawuleza kangakanani iimoto bahamba xa bephandana ? "
Xa amangqina aphakanyiswa ngeveki kamva, abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba utshintsho oluncinci kwindlela imibuzo eyaboniswa ngayo yabangela ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bakhumbule izinto ababengaboniyo. Xa babuzwa ukuba babone igalagi ephukile, abo babecelwa ukuba "baphoswe" kwimibuzo yalo mbuzo babenokwenzeka ukuba bangabonakali ngokuchanekileyo ukuba babone ingqayi ephukile.
5 - I-Actor Observer Bias
Indlela esibajonga ngayo abanye kunye nendlela esichaza ngayo ukuba izenzo zabo zithintela kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezihlukeneyo, kodwa zingathinteka kakhulu nokuba ngaba ngumdlali okanye umlindi kwimeko . Xa kuziwa kwizenzo zethu, sisoloko sikwazi ukubonisa izinto kwiimpembelelo zangaphandle. Unokukhalaza ukuba uyitshintshile intlanganiso ebalulekileyo ngenxa yokuba ube ne-jet lag okanye ungaphumeleli uviwo kuba utitshala wayebuza imibuzo eninzi.
Xa kuziwa ekuchazeni izenzo zabanye abantu, nangona kunjalo, sikwazi kakhulu ukubonakalisa ukuziphatha kwabo kwizizathu zangaphakathi. Umntu oqhelana naye wakha umyalezo obalulekileyo ngenxa yokuba uvila kwaye akanako (kungekhona ngenxa yokuba naye wayenogada) kwaye omnye umfundi waqhuma uvavanyo ngenxa yokuba akanakho ukukhuthaza kunye nobunzima (kwaye kungekhona ngenxa yokuba wathatha uvavanyo olufanayo njengazo zonke ezo zinto zikhohlisayo ).
I-6 - Impembelelo yobuxoki
Abantu banomdla wokumangalisa ukuba abanye abantu bavumelana njani neenkolelo zabo, iimpawu zabo, iimpawu zabo, kunye nemilinganiselo yabo, inkolelo eyaziwa ngokuba yimpumelelo yokuvumelana . Oku kunokukhokelela abantu ukuba bangacingi ngokungafanelekanga ukuba bonke abantu bayavumelana nabo-ngamanye amaxesha kunokubakhokelela ukuba baqaphele iimvo zabo.
Abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba ukuzalana kwamangqina okwenyaniso kwenzeka ntoni ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, abantu esichitha ixesha elide kunye nabo, nosapho kunye nabahlobo bethu, baninzi bahlala babelana ngemibono kunye neenkolelo ezifanayo. Ngenxa yoko, siqala ukucinga ukuba le ndlela yokucinga yimbono eninzi nangona sihlala nabantu abangekho phakathi kweqela lethu losapho kunye nabahlobo.
Esinye isizathu esibalulekileyo esi sikhokelo esicacayo sihamba nathi ngokulula kukuba ukukholelwa ukuba abanye abantu banjengathi sikulungele ukuzithemba . Ivumela ukuba sizive "ziqhelekileyo" kwaye sihlale sinombono omuhle ngathi ngokumalunga nabanye abantu.
7 - I-Halo Impact
Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba abafundi bavame ukulinganisa ootitshala abajongene nobuhle njengobulumko, abanobubele, nabomngcwabo kunabalandeli abangathandekiyo. Olu tyekelo lwempembelelo yethu yokuqala yomntu ukuchaphazela into esiyicinga ngayo ngokubanzi iyaziwa ngokuba yimpembelelo yeHalo .
Le ngcamango engqiqo ingaba nefuthe elinamandla kwihlabathi lenene. Ngokomzekelo, abafaki-sicelo ababonwa njengento ekhangayo nabathandekayo banamalungelo amaninzi ukuba bajongwe njengabanobuchule, abahlakaniphile, nabafanelekileyo kwimisebenzi.
Eyaziwa nangokuthi "umtsalane wokutyekela ngokomzimba" okanye "into enhle 'yinto efanelekileyo' sinokuthintela okanye sisebenzise iHlolo ukuchaphazela abanye phantse yonke imihla. Cinga ngomkhiqizo othengiswe kwiTV ngumfazi ogqoke kakuhle, oqeqeshwe kakuhle kwaye othembekileyo ngokubhekiselele kumfazi ongekho kakuhle kwaye egxininisekile. Yiyiphi imbonakalo eya kuba yinto enokukukhupha ukuba uphume kwaye uthenge loo mveliso?
8 - I-Bias Self-Serving
Enye ingqiqo enengqiqo ephazamisa ukucinga kwakho iyaziwa njengento yokuzimela . Ngokwenene, abantu bathambekele ekuzinikeni ngetyala kwiimpumelelo kodwa babeka ityala lokungaphumeleli kwizinto ezingaphandle.
Xa wenza kakuhle kwiprojekthi, mhlawumbi ucinga ukuba kungenxa yokuba usebenze nzima. Kodwa xa izinto zihamba kakubi, unakho ukubeka ityala kwiimeko okanye inhlanhla. Le ntlupheko inika indima ebalulekileyo; inceda ukukhusela ukuzithemba kwethu. Nangona kunjalo, kaninzi kunokukhokelela kwimimiselo ephosakeleyo, njengokugxeka abanye ngenxa yeempazamo zethu.
I-9 - Ukufumaneka kwe-Heuristic
Emva kokubona iingxelo ezininzi zemibhobho yemoto endaweni yakho, unokuqala ukukholelwa ukuba ulwaphulaphulo olunjalo luqhelekile kunabo. Olu tyekelo lokuqikelela ukuba kunokwenzeka into ethile eyenzekayo ngokusekelwe kwimimiselo emininzi efika engqondweni eyaziwa ngokuba yi- heuristic . Kuyeyona ndlela yesikhokelo sengqondo eyenzelwe ukusindisa ixesha xa sizama ukumisela umngcipheko.
Ingxaki ngokuxhomekeka ngale ndlela yokucinga kukuba ihlala ikhokelela ekuqikelelweni okungafanelekanga kunye nezigqibo ezimbi. Ababhemayo abangakaze bazi umntu oza kufa ngesifo esichapha ukubhema, umzekelo, unokungaphantsi kweengozi zempilo zokutshaya. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukuba ngaba noodade ababini kunye nabamelwane abahlanu abanomdlavuza webele, unokukholelwa ukuba yinto eqhelekileyo kunezona zibalo.
10 - I-Bias Optimism
Enye ingqiqo enokuqhelana nayo ivela kwiindawo ezikhoyo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-heuristic eyaziwa ngokuba yizinto ezintle . Eyona nto, sivame ukuba nethemba lokuba sizenzele kakuhle. Siya kugxininisa amathuba okuba izinto ezintle ziza kwenzeka kuthi ngoxa sincancise amathuba okuba iziganeko ezimbi ziyakuchukumisa ubomi bethu. Sicinga ukuba iziganeko ezifana nomtshato, ukulahleka kwemisebenzi, ukugula nokufa kwenzeka kwabanye abantu.
Ngaloo nto ithintelo ngantoni na ngezinye iinkoliso ezingenangqondo kwizinto zethu zobomi? Ingakhokelela abantu ukuba bathathe ingozi yempilo njengokutshaya, bedle kakubi, okanye bangabhinqanga ibhande.
Iindaba ezimbi kukuba uphando lufumene ukuba le ngcamango enethemba elihle kunzima ukunciphisa. Kukho iindaba ezilungileyo, nangona kunjalo. Olu tyekelo lokuba nethemba luza kudala umqondo wokulindela ikusasa, ukunika abantu ithemba kunye nefuthe abayidingayo ukuze baphishekele iinjongo zabo. Ngoko ke, nangona iimeko ezinengqondo zingaphambukisa ukucinga kwethu kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zikhokelela kwizigqibo eziphosakeleyo , azihlali zibi kakhulu.
Ngaphantsi kweeNgcaciso zeCognitive
Iingcamango ezingenangqondo zilapha ziqhelekileyo, kwaye zithintela ndawonye iingcinga zethu kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukwenza izigqibo. Uninzi lwezi zinto ezixhamlayo aluphephekiyo. Asinaso ixesha lokuvavanya yonke ingcamango kuzo zonke izigqibo zokuba kukho nantoni na. Kodwa ukuqonda ezi zinto ziyanceda kakhulu ekufundeni ukuba zingasikhokelela njani kwizigqibo eziphosakeleyo ebomini.
> Imithombo:
> Gratton, G., Cooper, P., Fabiani, M., uCarter, C., noF. Karayanidis. ImiSebenzi yoLawulo lweCognitive: Iimpawu zeeNqobo zeParadigms kunye neMboniselo yekamva. Psychophysiology . 2017 Oktobha 17. (Epub ngaphambi kokuprinta).