Impembelelo ye-Dunning-Kruger yintlobo yeengcamango ezinokwenkcazo apho abantu bakholelwa ukuba banengqiqo kwaye banamandla ngakumbi kunokuba basenako. Okubalulekileyo, amandla aphantsi abantu abanalo izakhono ezifunekayo ukuze baqonde ukungakwazi kwabo. Ukudibanisa ukungazi kakuhle kunye nekhono eliphantsi lokuqonda libenza bakwazi ukugxininisa amandla abo.
Eli gama linika igama lenzululwazi kunye nenkcazo kwingxaki abantu abaninzi bayayiqonda ngokukhawuleza-ukuba izilumko ziyaboni ubuwula bazo. Njengoko uCharles Darwin wabhala encwadini yakhe ethi The Descent of Man , "Ukungazi kakuhle kuninzi kubangela ukuzithemba kunokwazi."
Ingqwalaselo yefuthe le-Dunning-Kruger
Le nto yinto oyifunayo ebomini bokwenene, mhlawumbi ecaleni kwetafile yokutya kwintlanganiso yeentsapho zeeholide. Kulo lonke ixesha lokutya, ilungu lentsapho yakho eyongezelelekileyo iqalisa ukukhupha ngesihloko ngokukhawuleza, ukuvakalisa ngesibindi ukuba uchanileyo kwaye uluvo lwaloo mntu wonke luyintsiphu, luyazi, kwaye luyinto engalunganga. Kungabonakaliswa ngokucacileyo kuwo wonke umntu ekamelweni apho lo mntu engacingi ukuba uthetha ntoni, kodwa yena uyaqhankqalaza, ngokungaziboni ngokungazi.
Isiphumo sigama emva kwabaphandi uDawn Dunning noJustin Kruger, oogqirha bezengqondo bezenhlalakahle abaye bachaza okokuqala.
Kwisifundo sabo sokuqala kule ngxaki yeengqondo, benza uchungechunge lwezinto ezine zophando kwaye bafumanisa ukuba abantu abaye bafumana amanqaku angaphantsi kwee-grammar, uhlaziyi kunye neengcamango nabo bavakalisa ngokugqithiseleyo indlela abayenzile ngayo. Iimvavanyo zazo zangempela zibabeka kwi-percentile ye-12, kodwa baqikelelwa ukuba ukusebenza kwabo kubenze kwi-62nd percententi.
Uphando
Ngokomnye umzekelo, u-Dunning noKruger babuze abathathi-nxaxheba abangama-65 ukuba bahlole indlela amahlaya ahlukene ngayo ayenayo. Abanye babathathi-nxaxheba babenentlupheko ekunqumeni ukuba ngubani abanye abantu abaza kubafumana umdlalo-kodwa ezi zifundo zichazwe ngokwazo njengezigwebi ezihle kakhulu.
Abantu abangenasiphakamiso, abaphandi bafumene, abagcini nje abadlali abahluphekileyo, abanakho ukuvavanya ngokuchanekileyo baze baqaphele umgangatho womsebenzi wabo. Aba baqhubi abaphantsi baye bahluleka ukuqonda amanqanaba nekhono labanye abantu, okuyingxenye yesizathu sokuba bahlale bebukeka bengcono, banokukwazi ngakumbi kwaye banolwazi ngaphezu kwabanye.
Esi sizathu sokuba abafundi abafumana amanqaku ahlulekayo kwiimviwo ngamanye amaxesha banomuvo wokuba bafanelwe amanqaku aphezulu kakhulu. Bayekezela ulwazi lwabo kunye nekhono lwabo kwaye abanako ukubona ukungabikho kokusebenza kwabo.
"Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukungaqondi kakuhle akushiyi abantu badidekile, badidekile okanye baqaphele," wabhala uDavid Dunning kwinqaku le- Pacific Standard . "Endaweni yoko, abangenakukwazi ukuhlala bexhamla bahlala bexhamla ngokungaqiniseki kakuhle, bexhamla into evakalelwa kubo njengolwazi."
Esi siphumo sinokuba nefuthe elibi kwizinto abantu abazikholelwayo, izigqibo abazenzayo kunye nezenzo ezithathayo. Kwisifundo esithile, u-Dunning no-Ehrlinger bafumanisa ukuba abafazi benza ngokulinganayo kumadoda kwi-quiz yesayensi, kodwa kunjalo nabasetyhini bancibilikisa ukusebenza kwabo ngenxa yokuba babekholelwa ukuba banakho ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kunokwenzululwazi kunamadoda. Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba ngenxa yolu kholo, aba bafazi banokuthi banqabe ukungena ukhuphiswano lwezesayensi.
UDunning kunye nabalingane bakhe baye benza iimvavanyo apho babuza abaphenduli ukuba baqhelana nemimandla eyahlukeneyo enxulumene nezifundo kubandakanya ezopolitiko, i-biology, i-physics, kunye nejografi.
Ngokubambisana neengqinisiso ezichaphazelekayo zezifundo, zibandakanyeka ngokupheleleyo.
Kweso sifundo esinjalo, malunga neepesenti ezingama-90 zabaphenduli bathi bade ubuncinane ngolwazi olwenziweyo. Ngokuhambelanayo nezinye iziphumo ezihambelanayo nomphumo we-Dunning-Kruger, abathathi-nxaxheba abaqhelekileyo bathi babenesihloko, banokuthi banokuthi baqhelane neemeko ezingenanto. Njengoko uDunning uye wacetyiswa, inkathazo ngokungazi kukuba yinto enokuziva ngathi nje ngobuchule.
Izizathu zefuthe le-Dunning-Kruger
Ngoko yintoni echaza le mpawu yengqondo? Ingaba abanye abantu bamane banomdaka kakhulu, ukuba bangabonakali, ukuba bazi njani indlela abayifumene ngayo? UDunning noKruger bacacisa ukuba le nto ibangelwa yiloo nto ibhekisela kuyo ngokuthi "umthwalo omninzi." Abantu abagcini nje kuphela; ukungazi kakuhle kwabo kubangele ukuba bakwazi ukuqonda ukuba bangakwazi njani.
Abantu abangenasiphelo bathambekele eku:
- Ukujonga ngokubanzi amaqondo abo
- Ukungaphumeleli ukuqonda ubuchule bokwenene nolwazi lwabanye abantu
- Ukungaphumeleli ukuqonda iimpazamo zabo kunye nokuntuleka kobuchule
UDunning uye wabonisa ukuba nolwazi kunye nezakhono eziyimfuneko ukuba zilungele umsebenzi, zifana neempawu ezifanayo umntu afuna ukuyiqonda ukuba ayilungile kulo msebenzi. Ngoko ke ukuba umntu akanaloo mathuba, ahlala awona mbi kuphela kuloo msebenzi, kodwa awazi ukuba akakwazi.
Ukungakwazi Ukuqonda Ukungabi Nakho Kwezakhono kunye Neziphambeko
UDunning ubonisa ukuba ukuphulukana kwezakhono kunye nobuchule kudala ingxaki ezimbini. Okokuqala, ezi ntlupheko zibangela ukuba abantu benze kakubi kwidilesi apho bengakwazi. Okwesibini, ulwazi lwabo olungalunganga nolwazileyo lubenza bakwazi ukuqonda iimpazamo zabo.
Ukungabikho kweMetacognition
Isiphumo se-Dunning-Kruger sinxulumene nobunzima kunye nokuvumelanisa, okanye ukukwazi ukubuyela emva kwaye ubhekise ekuziphatheni komntu kunye namakhono okuphuma ngaphandle kwakho. Abantu bahlala bekwazi ukuvavanya ngokwabo kumbono wabo olinganiselweyo kunye neengqiqo. Kulo mbono onqamlekileyo babonakala bezakhono kakhulu, abanolwazi, nabaphakamileyo kwabanye. Ngenxa yoko, ngamanye amaxesha abantu banzima ukufumana umbono ogqithiseleyo ngamakhono abo.
Ulwazi oluncinane lunokukhokelela ekukholweni
Enye into ebangela ukuba ngamanye amaxesha uncinci ulwazi oluncinane kwisifundo lunokubangela ukuba abantu bakholwe ngokungafanelekileyo ukuba bayazi konke okuyaziyo malunga nalo. Njengoko ilizwi elidala lihamba, ulwazi oluncinane lunokuba yingozi. Umntu unokuba nolwazi oluncinane kakhulu malunga nesifundo, kodwa ngenxa yempembelelo yaseDunning-Kruger, kholelwa ukuba ingcali.
Ezinye izinto ezinokufaka isandla kwisiphumo ziquka ukusetyenziswa kwethu kweempahla , okanye iifutshane zengqondo esivumela ukuba senze izigqibo ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokuthambekela kwethu ekufuneni iipateni nokuba akukho nto ikhona. Iingcamango zethu zithandwa ukuba zizame ukuqonda ingcaciso engafaniyo esisebenzisana nayo imihla ngemihla. Njengoko sizama ukuphazamisa ukudideka nokutolika amakhono ethu kunye nokusebenza ngaphakathi kwehlabathi lethu, mhlawumbi akumangalisi ukuba ngamanye amaxesha sihluleka ngokupheleleyo ukuba sigwebe ngokuchanekileyo indlela esiyenzayo ngayo.
Ngubani ochaphazelekayo ngomphumo we-Dunning-Kruger?
Ngoko ngubani ochaphazelekayo ngomphumo we-Dunning-Kruger? Ngelishwa, sonke sinjalo. Oku kungenxa yokuba kungakhathaliseki ukuba sinolwazi olunjani okanye nolwazi olunjani, wonke umntu unemihlaba engazange ayitshintshwe kwaye ayikwazi. Unokuba uhlakaniphile kwaye unomsebenzi kwiindawo ezininzi, kodwa akukho mntu uyingcali kwizinto zonke.
Enye into ebalulekileyo yokwenza kukuba umphumo we-Dunning-Kruger awuhambelani ne- IQ ephantsi . Njengoko ukuqonda kwekota kuye kwanda kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegama njengegama lomntu oyisiphukuphuku likhulile. Oko, emva koko, kulula ukugweba abanye kwaye ukholelwe ukuba izinto ezinjalo azisebenzi nje kuwe.
Inyani yinto yokuba wonke umntu uyangena kulo mcimbi, kwaye eneneni, ininzi lethu lisenokuba nalo ngokuqhelekileyo. Abantu abanobuchule bokwenene endaweni ethile bangakholelwa ngokugqithiseleyo ukuba ulwazi lwabo nolwazi luqhubela kwezinye iindawo apho baqhelana khona. Ngokomzekelo, usosayensi oqaqambileyo, unokuba ngumlobi ohluphekileyo. Ukuze inzululwazi ikwazi ukuqonda ukungakwazi kwabo, kufuneka ikwazi ukufumana ulwazi olufanelekileyo lwezinto ezinjengegrama kunye nokubunjwa. Ngenxa yokuba abo baswele, inzululwazi kule mzekelo ayinakho ukukwazi ukubona umsebenzi wabo ompofu.
Ngoko ke, ukuba abangenakukwazi ukucinga ukuba ziingcali, yintoni na kwiingcali zinyani zicinga ngamakhono abo? UDunning noKruger bafumanise ukuba abo basemaphethelweni aphakamileyo kwikhankaso yobuchule babenemibono engokoqobo yokwazi kwabo kunye namakhono abo. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ngcali zenzelwe ukuba zithintele zabo izakhono ezinxulumene nendlela abanye abazenza ngayo.
Okubalulekileyo, ezi ziphumo eziphezulu ziyazi ukuba zibhetele kunomyinge, kodwa aziqinisekanga ukuba indlela ephezulu ngayo ukusebenza kwabo ifaniswa ngayo nabanye. Ingxaki kulo mzekelo akukhona ukuba iingcali abazi ukuba zikwaziswa kakuhle kangakanani; kukuba bathambekele ekukholweni ukuba wonke umntu unolwazi ngokunjalo.
Ngaba Kukhona Naliphi na Indlela Yokunqoba Umphumo We-Dunning-Kruger?
Ngaba kukho na into enokunciphisa le nto? Ingaba kukho ingongoma apho abangenakukwazi ukuyiqonda ngokwenene ukungakwazi kwabo? "Sonke siyi-injini yokungakholelwa," u-Dunning ucebise. Ngelixa sonke sisoloko sithatha ukufumana umphumo we-Dunning-Kruger, ukufunda ngokubanzi malunga nendlela iingqondo ezisebenza ngayo kunye neepazamo sonke esinokuthi sibe sisisombululo esisodwa ekukulungiseni iipateni ezinjalo.
UDunning noKruger bacacisa ukuba njengamava anokwanda kwimixholo, ukuzithemba ngokuthe tye kuya kumazinga anokwenene. Njengoko abantu bafunda ngokubanzi ngesihloko sentshisekelo, baqala ukuqaphela ukungabi nako kolwazi kunye namandla. Emva koko xa abantu befumana ulwazi oluninzi kwaye ngokwenene baba yiengcali ngesihloko, amazinga abo abathembayo aqala ukuphucula kwakhona.
Ngoko ke unokwenza ntoni ukuze ufumane uvavanyo olwenziweyo lwamakhono akho kwindawo ethile ukuba awuqinisekanga ukuba unokuzithemba ukuvavanya kwakho?
- Qhubeka ufunda kwaye usebenza. Esikhundleni sokucinga ukuba uyazi konke okumele ukwazi malunga nomxholo, qhubeka umba ubunzulu. Emva kokuba unolwazi olunzulu ngesihloko, kufuneka ukuba uqaphele ukuba kuninzi kangakanani ukufunda. Oku kunokulwa nomkhwa wokucinga ukuba uyingcali, nokuba awukho.
- Buza abanye abantu ukuba wenza njani . Elinye icebo elifanelekileyo libandakanya ukubuza abanye ukugxeka okubalulekileyo. Nangona ngamanye amaxesha kunzima kunzima ukuva, loo mpendulo ingabonelela ngokubaluleka kwindlela abanye ababona ngayo ubuchule bakho.
- Buza into oyaziyo . Njengokuba ufunda ngakumbi kwaye ufumane impendulo, kunokuba lula ukugcina ingqalelo ezintweni eziqinisekisa oko ucinga ukuba usuyazi. Lo ngumzekelo woluhlobo oluthile lwezinto eziphathekayo zengqondo ezibizwa ngokuba yi- bias confirmation . Ukuze unciphise ukutyekela, qhubeka ucelomngeni zakho iinkolelo kunye nokulindela. Funa ulwazi olujongene nemingeni yakho.
ILizwi
Impembelelo ye-Dunning-Kruger yenye yezinto ezininzi ezinokwenzakalayo ezinokuchaphazela iziphathamandla zakho kunye nezigqibo, ukusuka kwimihlaba eya kutshintsha ubomi. Nangona kunokuba kube lula ukuqonda into ebalulekileyo kwabanye, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba yinto echaphazela wonke umntu. Ngokuqonda izizathu eziphambili ezifaka isandla kule ngxabano yengqondo, unokuba ngcono ukukwazi ukubona ezi zikhokelo kunye nokufumana iindlela zokuzinqoba.
> Imithombo:
> Dunning, D. Isahluko esisihlanu: Impembelelo ye-Dunning-Kruger: Ngokungazi ngokungazi. Uphuhliso lweZakhono zoLuntu kwiNzululwazi yeNtlalo . 2011; 44; 247-296. i-doi: 10.1016 / B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6.
> Dunning, D. Sonke siyi-idiots ezithembekileyo. YePacific Standard ; 2014.
> Ehrliner, J, Johnson, K, Banner, M, Dunning, D, & Kruger, J.. Kutheni abangenazo izixhobo abazi kakuhle: Ukuqhutyelwa phambili kokuhlola (ekungekho) ukuqonda ngokwabo phakathi kwabangenako. I-Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 2008; 105 (1): 98-121. i-doi: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.946242.