1 - Izizathu eziqhelekileyo Kutheni ngamanye amaxesha wenze izigqibo ezimbi
Zingaphi izigqibo ocinga ukuba wenze ngexesha lomyinge? Ezininzi? Amakhulu, mhlawumbi? Iingcali zengqondo zikholelwa ukuba inani ngokwenene linamawaka. Ezinye zezi zigqibo zineempembelelo ezigqithiseleyo kwiinkqubo zobomi bethu (njengokungakhathaliseki ukuba bangena ekholejini, batshatile, okanye babe nezingane), ngelixa ezinye zingabalulekanga (njengokungathi unobuntshisi okanye i-sandkey ye-turkey yokutya).
Ezinye zezi zigqibo ziba zilungileyo (ukhetha iikholeji enkulu ekhokelela ekuqhubeni umsebenzi), ngelixa abanye baphela bengabi nkulu kakhulu (isicwatshi ye-turkey oyikhethile yayimangalisa kwaye isichukumisa isisu sakho).
Ngoko xa ujonga emva kobomi bakho kwaye ucinge ngezinye ezikhethiweyo ukhetho olwenzileyo, usenokuzibuza ukuba kutheni ukuba wenze ezo zigqibo ezibonakala zihlwempuzeke ngoku ngokuzibuyisela. Kutheni utshatile umntu ophosakeleyo ngenxa yakho? Kutheni uthenge imoto ehambelana neenkcukacha xa unabantwana abane kwaye ufuna imoto enkulu? Ucinga ntoni xa uthenge ezo jeans ezikhuseleyo eziphezulu?
Nangona kungenakuthi ukuba uya kuqhubeka wenze izigqibo ezimbi , unokufumana ukuqonda okujulileyo kwinkqubo emva kwezi zigqibo ezithile ezingenangqiqo. Kukho iinkalo ezininzi ezibangela ukukhetha okungalunganga nokukwazi indlela ezi nkqubo zisebenza ngayo kwaye zichaphazele ukucinga kwakho kunokukunceda ukuba wenze izigqibo ezingcono kwixesha elizayo.
Emva koko, sifunde ukuba kutheni ukuthatha iifutshane zengqondo ngamanye amaxesha kukhokelela ekukhethweni okungalunganga.
2 - Iifutshane zengqondo ziyakusasa
Ukuba bekufuneka sicinge ngeemeko zonke ezikhoyo, mhlawumbi asiyi kuyenza eninzi ngosuku. Ukuze senze izigqibo ngokukhawuleza nakwezoqoqosho, ubuchopho bethu buxhomekeke kwiinqununu ezincinci ezinokuziqonda . Le mithetho yengqondo-ye-thumb ivumela ukuba senze isigwebo ngokukhawuleza kwaye kaninzi ngamaxesha ngokuchanekileyo, kodwa kunokukhokelela ekucingeni okungahambiyo kunye nezigqibo eziphosakeleyo.
Omnye umzekelo wale nto yindlela encinci yesikhombiso sengqondo eyaziwa ngokuba yi- anchoring bias . Kwiimeko ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, abantu basebenzisa iqalo lokuqala lokuqala njengesikhonkco esilungiswayo ukwenzela ukuvelisa uqikelelo lokugqibela okanye xabiso. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba uthengela indlu kwaye uyazi ukuba amakhaya kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo ayathengiswa ngamaxabiso angama-$ 358,000, uya kusebenzisa eso sibalo njengesiseko sokuxoxisana nentengo yokuthenga yekhaya owukhethayo.
Kwimvavanyo yabadala ngabaphenyi uAmoos Tversky noDaniel Kahneman, abathathi-nxaxheba baceliwe ukuba bajikeleze isondo senzuzo eyanikela inombolo phakathi kwe-0 no-100. Izifundo zacelwa ukuba ziqikelele ukuba zininzi amazwe aseAfrika ahlala kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo. Abo bafumene inombolo ephezulu kwivili lobutyebi banokucinga ukuba kwakukho amazwe amaninzi ase-Afrika kwi-UN, ngoxa abo bafumene inani elincinci bekunokwenzeka ukuba banike uqikelelo oluncinane.
Ngoko ke unokwenza ntoni ukuze unciphise umphumo ongenakuchaphazeleka kwezi zigqibo malunga nezigqibo zakho? Iingcali zibonisa ukuba nje ukuba wazi ngakumbi ngabo kunokunceda. Kwimeko yokuxhamla, ukuza kunye nobuninzi beengqikelelo ezinokwenzeka kunokunceda. Ngoko ukuba uthengisa imoto entsha, yiza uluhlu lwexabiso elifanelekileyo kunokuba ugxininise kwixabiso eliqhelekileyo lezithuthi ezithile. Ukuba uyazi ukuba i-SUV entsha iya kubiza kwindawo ethile phakathi kwe-$ 27,000 kunye ne-32,000 zama-dollar ngobukhulu kunye nezixhobo ozifunayo, unokwenza isinqumo esiphezulu malunga nokuba ungakanani ukunikezela kwisithuthi esithile.
Emva koko, qaphela indlela ukuthelekisa kwakho ngezinye izihlandlo kukhokelela izigqibo ezimbi.
3 - Udla ngokuthelekisa
Uyazi njani ukuba unento efanelekileyo kwi-tablet ye-digital yathengileyo? Okanye uyazi njani ukuba intlawulo oye uyihlawulela igron yobisi kwivenkile igqibe? Ukuthelekisa ngenye yezixhobo ezibalulekileyo ezisetyenziswayo xa wenza izigqibo. Uyazi ukuba ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lithebhulethi okanye i-gallon yobisi yikho, ngoko uthelekise iikhathalo zokufumana ukuze ukhethe intle efanelekileyo. Siwabela ixabiso ngokusekelwe kwindlela izinto ezithelekisana nezinye izinto.
Kodwa kwenzeka ntoni xa wenza ukuthelekiswa kakubi? Okanye xa izinto oziqhathanisa ngazo zikhethi zimele okanye zilingana? Khawuqwalasele oku, umzekelo - ukude kangakanani indlela oya kuyo ukugcina i-$ 25?
Ukuba ndakuxelele ukuba ungasindisa i-$ 25 kwinto eyi-$ 75 ngokuqhuba imizuzu eyi-15 ngaphandle kwendlela yakho, uya kuyenza. Kodwa ukuba ndakuxelela ukuba ungasindisa i-$ 25 kwento ethile eyi-$ 10,000, ngaba uya kukulungele ukuphuma kwindlela yakho ukugcina imali? Kwiimeko ezininzi, abantu abazimisele ukuhamba phambili ukugcina imali kwixabiso elininzi. Ngoba? Amadola angamashumi amabini anesihlanu ayenokulingana nesantya esifanayo kwimeko apho.
Kwiimeko ezinje, usuke uwele kwixhoba lokufanisa. Ekubeni uthelekisa inani elilondolozayo imali oyihlawulayo, i-$ 25 ibonakala ngathi yindleko enkulu xa ithelekiswa nento engama-$ 75 kunokuba yenzayo xa ihluke kwixabiso le-$ 10,000.
Xa senza izigqibo, sisoloko senza ukuthelekisa ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokucinga ngokukhetha kwethu. Ukuze ugweme izigqibo ezimbi, ukuxhomekeka kwimibuzo yokucinga kunye nokucinga ngokukhethayo ngamanye amaxesha kunokubaluleke ngakumbi kunokuba uthembele kwi-"reaction reaction" yakho yangoku.
4 - Unokuba neenjongo
Okumangalisa kukuba, abantu banomdla wokuzalwa onokuzalwa onokuzalwa onokuzithemba ukuzenza izigqibo ezintle. Kwesifundo esithakazelisayo esisodwa, umphandi uTali Sharot wabuza abachaphazelekayo ukuba babecinga njani ukuba amathuba ayenzekayo kwenzekayo - izinto ezifana nokuphangwa okanye ukufumana isigulo sokuphela. Emva kokuba izifundo zinike iziprofeto zabo, abaphandi babaxelela oko kwenzekayo.
Xa abantu bachazelwa ukuba umngcipheko wezinto ezintle ezenzekayo ziphantsi kunokuba zikulindeleke, zithatha ukulungelelanisa izibikezelo zabo ukufanisa ulwazi olutsha abalufundileyo. Xa befumanisa ukuba umngcipheko wezinto ezintle ezenzekayo ngokwenene ziphezulu kunokuba ziqikelelwa, zijwayele ukungayinaki ulwazi olutsha. Umzekelo, ukuba umntu uqikelele ukuba iingxaki zokufa ngokubhema ugwayi zi-5 ekhulwini kuphela kodwa ke uxelelwa ukuba umngcipheko wokufa uya empeleni kufutshane nama-25 eepesenti, abantu baya kuhoxisa ulwazi olutsha baze banamathele kunye qi kelela.
Ingxenye yale mbono ethembekileyo yithemba ivela kwindlela yethu yokukholelwa ukuba izinto ezimbi zenzeka kwabanye abantu, kodwa kungekhona kuthi. Xa siva malunga nento ethile embi okanye into engekho into eyenzekayo kumnye umntu, sivame ukukhangela izinto umntu enokuyenza ukuze enze ingxaki. Olu tyekelo lokugxeka amaxhoba alukhusela ekubeni sivume ukuba sinokungathi siphumelele kwintlekele njengaye nawuphi na umntu.
I-Sharot ibhekisela kule nto njengenjongo yokuxhamla , okanye ukuthambekela kwethu ekugqithiseni amathuba okufumana iziganeko ezilungileyo ngeli xesha lijongela amathuba okufumana iziganeko ezimbi. Ucebisa ukuba oku akuyona into yokukholelwa ukuba izinto ziya kuhlasela ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kunokuzithemba ngokwezakhono zethu ukwenza izinto ezintle zenzeke.
Ngoko igalelo eli lithintelo lithini kwizigqibo esizenzayo? Ekubeni sinokuba nethemba elingakumbi ngamakhono ethu namathemba, sinokuqiniseka ukuba izigqibo zethu zizona zilungileyo. Iingcali zinokumkisa ukuba ukutshaya, ukuhlala, okanye ukutya ushukela unokubulala, kodwa ukunyaniseka kwethu kusenza sikholwe ukuba ibulala abanye abantu, kungekhona.
Imithombo:
Hertz, N. Kutheni senza izigqibo ezimbi. I-New York Times, ngo-2013.
I-Sharot, T, iKorn, C, kunye neDolan, R J. Ukuba nethemba elingathembekanga ligcinwa xa lijongene nenyaniso. I-Nature Neuroscience. 2011; 14 (11): 1475-9.
Tversky, A, & Kahneman, D. Isigwebo ngaphantsi kokungaqiniseki: ii-Heuristics and Biases Science. 1974; 185 (4157): 1124-1131. INGXELO: 10.1126 / isayensi.185.4157.1124.