Ukufundwa kabini okuyimfama kukunye apho abathathi-nxaxheba okanye abazamaziyo abazi ukuba ngubani ofumana unyango oluthile. Le nqubo isetyenziselwa ukukhusela i-bias kwiziphumo zophando. Izifundo ezimbini eziyimpumputhe zixhamla ngokukhethekileyo ekuthintela ubundlobongela ngenxa yemeko yeemfuno okanye impembelelo ye-placebo .
Ngokomzekelo, masicinge ukuba abaphandi baphanda ngemiphumo yesiphumo esitsha.
Kuhlolisiso oluphinda kabini, abaphandi abasebenzisana nabathathi-nxaxheba bebengayazi ukuba ngubani ofumene izidakamizwa kwaye ngubani owayefumana indawo ye-placebo.
Jonga ngokujonge ii-Studies Two Blind Studies
Masiqwalasele ngokuthe ngqalelo kwento esithetha ngayo ngophando oluphinda kabini kunye nokuba lolu hlobo lwenkqubo lusebenza njani. Njengoko kuthethwe ngaphambili, i-double-blind shows that the participants and experimenters abazi ukuba ngubani ofumana unyango lwangempela. Yintoni esithethayo ngoku 'unyango?' Kuvavanyo lweengqondo, unyango luyinqanaba leenguqu ezizimeleyo abazama ukuzenza.
Oku kungahlukelelaniswa nophando olulodwa oluyimpumputhe apho abahloli baqaphela ukuba ngaba bathathi-nxaxheba bafumana unyango ngelixa abathathi-nxaxheba behlala bengakwazi.
Kwizo zifundo, abaphandi bangasebenzisa oko kwaziwa ngokuba yi-placebo. I-placebo yinto ekhukhulayo, njengepilisi yetshukela, engenalo nxaxheba kumntu oyithathayo.
Iipilisi ze-placebo zinikezelwa kubabathathi-nxaxheba abaye banikwe iqela kwiqela lolawulo. Iqela elilawulayo li-subset yabathathi-nxaxheba abangabonakali kuwo nawaphi na amanqanaba okuhluka okuzimeleyo . Leli qela likhonza njengesiseko esinqununu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuchasana kwizinto ezizimeleyo ziyimiphumo ebalulekileyo.
Abo bazinikezelwa ngokukhawuleza kwiqela lokulinga banikwe unyango malunga nombuzo. Idatha eqokelelwe kumabini omabini ithelekiswa ngokucacisa ukuba unyango lunempembelelo ethile kwiintlobo ezixhomekeke kuyo .
Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwisifundo baya kuthatha ipilisi, kodwa kuphela abanye babo baya kufumana iziyobisi zangempela phantsi kophando. Zonke ezinye zezifundo ziya kufumana i-placebo engasebenzi. Ngokufundisisa kabini, abathathi-nxaxheba kunye nabazama ukuzama ukungazi ukuba ngubani ofumana iziyobisi zangempela kwaye ngubani ofumana ipilisi yeshukela.
Ngoko kutheni abaphandi bekhetha loo nkqubo? Kukho izizathu ezibalulekileyo.
- Okokuqala, ekubeni abathathi-nxaxheba abazi ukuba yiliphi iqela abahlala kuyo, iinkolelo zabo malunga nonyango azinako ukuchaphazela umphumo.
- Okwesibini, ekubeni abaphandi bengakwazi ukuba zeziphi izifundo ezifumana unyango lwangempela, ababanako ukubonisa iingcamango ezifihlakeleyo ezingasiphumo ezingathonya umphumo wophando.
Inkqubo-mbini eyimfama inceda ukunciphisa imiphumo engabonakaliyo yenkanuko yokulinga. Ezi zinto zihlala ziquka abaphandi abangakwaziyo ukuchaphazela iziphumo ngexesha lolawulo okanye izigaba zokuqokelela idatha yolu vavanyo. Ngamanye amaxesha abaphandi banemvakalelo yokuzimela kunye neengxaki ezichaphazela indlela abaphendula ngayo izifundo okanye ukuba idatha iqokelelwa njani.
Umzekelo woFundo oluPhuthileyo oluBini
Khawucinge ukuba abaphandi bafuna ukugqiba ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla emipaka phambi komcimbi wezemidlalo obangela ukuba kuphuculwe ekusebenzeni. Abaphandi bangase baqale ngokwenza idibanti yabathathi-nxaxheba abafana ngokufanelekileyo malunga nekhono lezemidlalo. Abanye abathathi-nxaxheba bahanjiswe ngokukhawuleza kwiqela lolawulo ngelixa abanye banikwa igalelo kwiqela lezilingo.
Abachaphazelekayo bacelwa ukuba badle ibha yamandla. Yonke imivalo ihlanganiswe enye, kodwa ezinye iibhola zezemidlalo kanti ezinye zi-brownies ezinemibala. Iimpazamo zamandla zangempela zinamanqanaba aphakamileyo amaprotheni kunye namavithamini, ngelixa iindawo zendawo ye-placebo zithethi.
Ngenxa yokuba oku kufundwa kabini, akukho bathathi-nxaxheba okanye abadlali abazi ukuba ngubani odlayo imithombo yamandla kwaye ngubani odla iimbobo ze-placebo.
Abathathi-nxaxheba bazalisekisa umsebenzi wezemidlalo okhethwe ngaphambili kwaye abaphandi baqokelela ukusebenza kwedatha. Emva kokuba yonke idatha ifunyenwe, abaphandi banokuqhathanisa iziphumo zeqela ngalinye kwaye banqume ukuba iinguqu ezizimeleyo zinefuthe kwintlobo exhomekeke kuyo.
ILizwi
Uphononongo oluphindwe kabini lunokuba luncedo oluphandekileyo lophando kwizengqondo kunye nezinye iindawo zenzululwazi. Ngokugcina bobabini abazamayo kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abangaboniyo, ubuncwane abukho amathuba okuchaphazela iziphumo zovavanyo.
Uvavanyo oluphindwe kabini lunokumiselwa xa uvavanyo oluphambili luseka uphando kodwa emva koko unomnye osebenza naye (njengomfundi ophunyeziweyo) ukuqokelela idatha kubathathi-nxaxheba. Uhlobo lwesifundo abaphandi banquma ukusebenzisa, nangona kunjalo, luncike kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kubandakanywa iimpawu zemo, abathathi-nxaxheba, kunye nesimo seengcamango phantsi koviwo. Ukuhlolwa okumbini okuyimfama akukhange kwenzeke kwezinye iimeko. Ngokomzekelo, ekuhloleni ukujonga ukuba luhlobo luni lwe- psychotherapy lusetyenziswa kakhulu, akunakwenzeka ukugcina abathathi-nxaxheba kumnyama malunga nokuba ngaba bafumene unyango okanye bengenayo.
> Imithombo:
> Goodwin, CJ. Uphando kwiShyiloji: Izindlela kunye noyilo. ENew York: uJohn Wiley & Son; 2010.
> Kalat, JW. Isingeniso kwiSychology. IBoston, MA: UkuFunda kweCengage; 2017.