Iingenelo kunye Neengxaki
Uphononongo lwesahluko sokubandakanya kubandakanya abantu abahlukileyo kwizinto eziphambili kwinqanaba elithile ngexesha. Idatha iqokelelwa ngexesha elifanayo kubantu abafana nezinye iimpawu kodwa behluke kwizinto ezibalulekileyo zentsalo ezifana nobudala, amanqanaba okufumana imali okanye indawo yokuhlala. Abathathi-nxaxheba bavame ukuhlukaniswa ngamaqela aziwa njengamaqabane.
Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi bangabamba iqela labathathi-nxaxheba abakwi-20s, 30s, kunye no-40.
Njani kwaye xa kuqhutyelwa izifundo zoMgca-nqanaba
Olu hlobo lwesifundo lusebenzisa amaqela ahlukeneyo abantu abahlukileyo kwintlobo echaphazela umdla kodwa abelana nezinye iimpawu ezifana nesimo sezentlalo, imvelaphi yemfundo kunye nobuhlanga. Izifundo eziphambanweni zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo , kodwa le ndlela ibuye isetyenziswe kwezinye iindawo eziquka isayensi yoluntu kunye nemfundo.
Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi abafunda iingqondo zentuthuko bangakhetha amacandelo abantu abafana kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi kodwa bahluke kuphela kwiminyaka. Ngokwenza oku, naluphi na ulwahluko phakathi kwamaqela lunokuthi lubangelwa ukungafani kweminyaka kunokuba kwezinye iinguqu.
Izifundo eziphambanweni ziqaphelisayo kwindalo kwaye ziyaziwa njengophando oluchazayo, kungabikho kwimeko okanye ubudlelwane, oko kuthetha ukuba awukwazi ukuyisebenzisa ukucacisa isizathu sento, njengesifo.
Abaphengululi barekhode ulwazi olukhoyo kubemi, kodwa abayisebenzisi iziguquko.
Olu hlobo lophando lungasetyenziselwa ukuchaza iimpawu ezikhoyo kuluntu, kodwa kungekhona ukucacisa ubudlelwane bangela kunye nefuthe phakathi kweenguqu ezahlukeneyo. Le ndlela isetyenziselwa ukwenza inkcazo malunga nobudlelwane obunokwenzeka okanye ukuqokelela idatha yangaphambili ukuze kuxhaswe uphando olongezelelweyo kunye nokuzama.
Ukucacisa iziganeko zoPhando lweeNqununu
Ezinye zeempawu eziphambili zesifundo-sigaba se-cross-section include:
- Uphononongo lwenzeka kwinqanaba elinye ngexesha
- Akubandakanyi ukusetyenziswa kweenguqu
- Ivumela abaphandi ukuba bajonge kwiimpawu ezininzi ngexesha elinye (ubudala, inzuzo, ngokwesini)
- Ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa ukujonga iimpawu eziphambili kwiindawo ezinikezelweyo
Cinga ngophando olunqamlezileyo njengesigxina seqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ngokungafani nokufundiswa kwexesha elide elijongene neqela labantu ngaphaya kwexesha elide, uphando olunqamlezileyo lusetyenziswa ukuchaza oko kwenzekayo kumzuzu wamanje.
Olu hlobo lophando luvame ukusetyenziswa ukucacisa iimpawu eziphambili kubemi kwindawo ethile ngexesha. Ngokomzekelo, isifundo esinqamlezileyo singasetyenziselwa ukuchonga ukuba ukuchasana nemeko ethile yengozi ingahambelana neziphumo ezithile.
Umphandi unokuqokelela idatha ehamba ngapha nangapha kwimichiza yokutshaya yangaphambili kunye nokuxilongwa kwangoku komhlaza wemiphunga, umzekelo. Nangona lolu hlobo lokufunda alukwazi ukubonakalisa imbangela-kunye nefuthe, lunokubangela ukujonga ngokukhawuleza kwiinkalo ezinokuthi zibekho kwindawo ethile.
Iingenelo zoPhando lweSigqeba
Ezinye zeenzuzo zezifundo zecandelo eliphambili ziquka:
- Zithengi kwaye zikhawuleza. Izifundo eziphambanweni zihlala zibiza kwaye zivumela abaphandi ukuba baqokelele ulwazi oluninzi ngokukhawuleza. Idatha ifunyanwa ngokusetyenziswa kweengxelo zengxelo-zincwadi kunye nabaphandi banako ukuqokelela ulwazi oluninzi kwiqela elikhulu labathathi-nxaxheba.
- Bavumela ukuhlukahluka okuhlukeneyo. Abaphandi banokuqokelela idatha kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo ukuze babone indlela ukungafani ngayo ngokwesini, iminyaka, isimo semfundo kunye nemali engenayo inokuthi ihambelane nentsholongwane ebalulekileyo yenzalo.
- Bahambisa indlela yokuqhubela phambili ukufunda. Nangona iiprogram ze-cross-sectional azikwazi ukusetyenziswa ukucacisa ubudlelwane be-causal, zinokunika i-springboard efanelekileyo ukuqhubela uphando. Xa ukhangela inkcazo yempilo yoluntu, njengokungathi indlela ethile yokuziphatha ingaxhunyaniswa nesifo esithile, abaphandi bangasebenzisa ukuphononongwa kwamacandelo okubheka izixhobo eziza kusebenza njengethuluzi eluncedo lokukhokela uphando olongezelelweyo lwezifundo. Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi banokuba banomdla ekufundeni indlela yokunyamekela ngayo inentsholongwane yempilo yengqondo njengabantu abadala. Basenokuqokelela idatha ukusuka kumaqela ahlukeneyo kwiminyaka ekusebenziseni ukuzivocavoca kunye nendlela abaqhuba kakuhle ngayo kwiimvavanyo zengqondo. Ukwenza olo cwaningo kunokwenza abaphandi bacacise malunga neentlobo zokuzilolonga ezinokuba luncedo kakhulu kwimpilo engqondweni kunye nokukhuthaza uphando olongezelelweyo lophando ngalo mbandela.
Iingxaki zoPhando lweeNgqungquthela
Ezinye zeengxaki ezinokuthi zifundwe zifundo zibandakanya:
- Ukufumana abathathi-nxaxheba abathile: Nangona idizayila izandile ngokuthe ngqo, ukufumana abathathi-nxaxheba abafana kakhulu ngaphandle kweyintlukwano ekhethekileyo kunokuba nzima. Izifundo eziphambanweni zibanzi zifuna inani elininzi labathathi-nxaxheba, ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukuba kuya kuba neyantlukwano encinci phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba. Nangona ukungafani okunjalo kubonakala kuncinci, banokuchaphazela iziphumo zophando.
- Ulwahlulo lwamaqela: Amaqela anokuchaphazeleka ngamaqela ahlukeneyo avela kumava athile eqela elikhethekileyo labantu. Abantu abazalwa ngexesha elifanayo bangabelana ngamava amanqaku obalulekileyo, kodwa abantu belo qela abazalelwe endaweni ethile bendawo bangabelana ngamava kuphela kwindawo yabo yokuhlala. Abantu ababesaphila ngexesha lokuhlasela kwePearl Harbour, iVietnam, okanye i-9/11 banokubelana ngamava abenza ukuba bahluke kwezinye iindidi zamaqela, umzekelo.
Izifundo eziphambene neCandelo eliPhezulu kunye neLongitudinal
Olu hlobo lophando luye lwahluke kwiinkalo zexesha elide kwimiba yecandelo le-cross-sectional yenzelwe ukujonga uguquko kwindawo ethile ngexesha. Izifundo zexesha elide ziquka ukuthatha amanyathelo athile ngexesha elide.
Njengoko unokucinga, iifundo zangexesha elide zisoloko zifuna iimithombo ezininzi kwaye zihlala zibiza ngaphezu kwezinto ezikhoyo. Kananjalo banokuthi banokuphembelelwa yinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi -attrition ekhethiweyo , oku kuthetha ukuba abanye abantu banokuthi bayeke ukuqhubela isifundo kunabanye, oku kunokuchaphazela ukufaneleka kwesi sifundo.
Enye yeenzuzo zezifundo zecandelo lokwinqanaba-mali kukuba ekubeni idatha iqokelelwe konke kanye, akunakwenzeka ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bayakuyeka ukufunda phambi kokuba idatha iqokelelwe ngokupheleleyo.
> Imithombo
- > Impilo ye-PubMed. Isifundo esinqamlezileyo. ILayibrari yeSizwe ka-US yamayeza.
- > Setia MS. Uluhlu lweeNkqubo zeModyuli yesi-3: Izifundo eziPhezulu kwiCandelo. Indian Journal of Dermatology . 2016; 61 (3): 261-264. i-doi: 10.4103 / 0019-5154.182410.