Uvavanyo luka-Asch lwamayeza alubonisa amandla okuvumelana
Uvavanyo lwe-Asch ukulandelelana lwaluyinkalo yezilingo zengqondo ezenziwa nguSolomon Asch ngawo-1950. Uvavanyo luchaza umlinganiselo apho imibono yomntu ifuthelwa yile maqela. UAsch wafumanisa ukuba abantu bazimisele ukungayinaki into eyenzekayo kwaye banike impendulo engalunganga ukuze bahambisane nalo lonke iqela.
Uqwalaselo olusondeleyo kwiSivumelwano
Ngaba uzicingela ngokwakho njengomntu ohambelanayo okanye ongahambisani naye? Ukuba unjengabantu abaninzi, mhlawumbi ukholelwa ukuba awuhambisani nomntu okwaneleyo ukuma kwiqela xa uyazi ukuba ulungile, kodwa uvumelanise ngokwaneleyo ukudibanisa nabanye oontanga bakho. Nangona uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu bahlala bekulungele ukuthotyelwa kunokuba bakholelwa ukuba bangaba.
Khawucinge nje ngolu hlobo: Ubhalisele ukuba uthathe inxaxheba kwimizamo yokusebenza kwengqondo apho uceliwe ukuba uzalise uvavanyo lwembono.
Ehleli egumbini nabanye abathathi-nxaxheba, uboniswe kwicandelo lomgca kwaye wabuza ukuba ukhethe umgca ohambelana neqela ukusuka kumacandelo amathathu mathuba ahlukeneyo.
Umceli ucela ngamnye umntu othabatha inxaxheba ukuba akhethe icandelo lomgca ohambelana. Ngezinye izihlandlo wonk 'ubani eklasini ukhetha umgca ochanekileyo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, abanye abathathi-nxaxheba bathetha ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba umgca ohlukileyo ngowona mdlalo ochanekileyo.
Ngoko wenza ntoni xa umhloli ebuza ukuba yeyiphi umgca umdlalo ofanelekileyo? Ngaba uyahamba ngempendulo yakho yokuqala, okanye ukhetha ukuhambelana nalo lonke iqela?
Iingcamango zokuQinisekisa kukaSolomon Asch
Ngeemeko zengqondo, ukuhambelana kubhekisela kumkhwa womntu wokulandela imigaqo engaqinisekanga okanye ukuziphatha kweqela lentlalontle ayenaye.
Abaphandi baye bade banomdla kwinqanaba abantu abalandelayo okanye abavukelayo kwimimiselo yoluntu. UAsch wayenomdla ekujongeni indlela uxinzelelo oluvela kwiqela lungahoyisa abantu ukuba bahambisane, nangona beyazi ukuba bonke abanye iqela lalingalunganga. Injongo yovavanyo luka-Asch? Ukubonisa amandla okuhambelana namaqela.
Iingcamango zeAsch zithathwa njani?
Uvavanyo luka-Asch olubandakanya ukuba nabantu "babekho" ekulinga ukuzenza ukuba bathathi-nxaxheba rhoqo kunye nalabo babenene, abangaziwayo izifundo zezifundo. Labo ababekulo vavanyo bekuya kuba neendlela ezithile zokubona ukuba izenzo zabo zineempembelelo kubathathi-nxaxheba abazenzileyo.
Kwimvavanyo nganye, inxaxheba yabafundi abangenayo i-intanethi ibekwe kwigumbi kunye nabanye abadibaniselwano abathi "babekho" ukuzama. Izifundo ezingenangqondo zixelelwe ukuba zithatha inxaxheba kwi "vavanyo lombono." Konke oku xelelwe, abafundi abangama-50 abathathi-nxaxheba babeyinxalenye yesimo sokulinga sika-Asch.
Bonke abadibaniselwano baxelelwa ukuba zeziphi iimpendulo zabo eza kuba ziza kwenziwa. Umntu othabatha inxaxheba, nangona kunjalo, wayengenayo inkcazelo yokuba abanye abafundi babengabandakanyeli nxaxheba. Emva kokuba umgca womsebenzi wenziwe, ngamnye umfundi wayevakalisa ngomlomo ukuba yeyiphi umgca (nokuba ngu-A, B, okanye iC) ehambelana nomgca ojoliswe kuwo.
Kukho izilingo ezili-18 ezahlukileyo kwiimeko zokulinga kwaye abadibaniselwano banikezela iimpendulo ezingalunganga kwi-12 yazo, ezazisithi uAsch "zizilingo ezibucayi." Injongo yalezi zilingo ezibuhlungu kukubona ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bayatshintsha impendulo yakhe ukwenzela ukuba bahambisane nendlela abanye abasemacaleni abaphendula ngayo.
Ngexesha lokuqala kwenkqubo, abahlanganisi baphendule le mibuzo ngokuchanekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ekugqibeleni baqala ukunika iimpendulo ezingalunganga ngokusekelwe kwindlela abaye bafundiswa ngayo ngabahloli.
Uphando lwabandakanya abathathi-nxaxheba abangama-37 kwimeko yokulawula . Oku kubandakanye ukuba ngamnye uthatha inxaxheba ekunikezeni impendulo kumsebenzi wecandelo kunye novavanyo kuphela kwigumbi kwaye akukho qela labahlanganisi.
Iziphumo zee-Asch Conformity Experiments
Phantse iipesenti ezingama-75 zabathathi-nxaxheba kwiimvavanyo ezihambelanayo nazo zahamba kunye namanye amaqela ubuncinane ngexesha elinye. Emva kokudibanisa izilingo, iziphumo zibonise ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bahambelana neqela elingafanelekanga liphendula malunga nesithathu kwisithuba.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bakwazi ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo ubude bemigca, abathathi-nxaxheba bacelwa ukuba ngabanye babhale umdlalo ochanekileyo. Ngokwale miphumo, abathathi-nxaxheba babechanekileyo kwimigca yabo yomgca, bekhetha impendulo echanekileyo engama-98 ekhulwini lexesha.
Olu vavanyo lujonge nempembelelo yokuba inani labantu abakhoyo kwiqela lalingqinelana. Xa kwakunye omnye umdibaniselwano, bekungekho mpembelelo kwiimpendulo zabafundi. Ubungqina babambini abadibeneyo babenomphumela omncinci kuphela. Inqanaba lokuthotyelwa elibonwe kunye nabamabutho abathathu okanye ngaphezulu babaluleke kakhulu.
UAsch wafumanisa ukuba ukuba omnye wabadibanisini unike impendulo echanekileyo ngelixa abanye abahlanganisi banika impendulo engalunganga ngokukhawuleza kwehlisa ukuhambelana. Kule meko, i-5 ukuya kweyesenti ekhulwini yabathathi-nxaxheba ihambelana nalo lonke iqela. Uphando lwexesha elide luye lwaxhasa le nkcazelo, iphakamisa ukuba ukuxhaswa kwezenzo kuyisisitye esibalulekileyo ekuchaseni ukuhambelana.
Ziziphi iiphumo zee-Asch Conformity Experments?
Ekugqibeleni kokulinga, abathathi-nxaxheba babuzwa ukuba kutheni bahamba kunye nalo lonke iqela. Kwimizekelo amaninzi, abafundi bathi xa besazi ukuba ezinye iqela lalingalunganga, abazange bafune ukubeka umngcipheko bejongene nokugculelwa. Abambalwa abathathi-nxaxheba bacetyiswa ukuba ba kholelwa ukuba amanye amalungu eqela achanekile kwizimpendulo zawo.
Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukuthotyelwa kunokutshintshwa kokubili ngesidingo sokungenelela kunye nenkolelo yokuba abanye abantu baqaphele okanye banolwazi olungcono. Ukunikezelwa kwezinga lokuthobela ekubonweni kweAsch, ukulandelelana kunokunyaniseka ngakumbi kwiimeko zangempela-bomi apho i-stimuli ingamangalisa okanye kunzima ukugweba.
Izinto ezichaphazela ukuhambelana
UAsch waqhubela phambili ukuqhuba iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo ukwenzela ukuba achaze ukuba yeyiphi into ebangela ukuba abantu bahambisane njani. Wafumanisa ukuba:
- Ukuvumelana kufana nokwanda xa abantu abaninzi bekhona. Nangona kunjalo, kukho utshintsho oluncinane xa ubukhulu beqela luhamba ngaphezu kwezine okanye abantu abahlanu.
- Ukuvumelana kuya kwanda xa umsebenzi uba nzima. Xa ebhekane nokungaqiniseki, abantu baphendukela kwabanye ngolwazi malunga nendlela yokuphendula.
- Ukunyaniseka kwanda xa amanye amalungu eqela anesimo esiphezulu sezenhlalakahle. Xa abantu bebukela abanye kwiqela njengamandla amakhulu, abanempembelelo, okanye abanolwazi kunabo, banako ukuhamba kunye neqela.
- Ukuvumelana kufana nokunciphisa, nangona kunjalo, xa abantu bekwazi ukuphendula ngasese. Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba ukuhambelana nokunciphisa kunciphisa ukuba ngaba bancedwa bodwa omnye umntu kwiqela.
Iingcamango zovavanyo lwe-Asch Conformity
Esinye sezigxeko eziphambili zokuzama ukulandelelana kweAsch ziziko ngezizathu zokuba abathathi-nxaxheba bakhetha ukuhambelana. Ngokwabanye abahlalutyi, abantu ngabanye banokuba bakhuthazwa ukuba baphephe ukungquzulana, kunokuba banqwenela ukuba bahambisane neqela lonke.
Omnye ukugxekwa kukuba iziphumo zolu vavanyo kwibhulethi zingabonakali kwiimeko zehlabathi zangempela. Nangona kunjalo, iingcali ezininzi zeengqondo zentlalo zikholelwa ukuba ngelixa iimeko zehlabathi ngokwenene zingenakucaca ngokucacileyo njengoko zisebhabhatheni, ukunyanzeliswa koxanduva lwezentlalo ukuba luhambelane mhlawumbi lukhulu kakhulu, olunokunyusa ukwanda kweendlela zokuziphatha.
Iminikelo ka-Asch kwi-Psychology
Uvavanyo lwe-Asch ukulandelelana luphakathi kwezona zidumileyo kwiimbali zengqondo kwaye ziphefumlele ubuncwane bophando olongezelelweyo ngokuhambisana nokuziphatha kweqela. Olu phando lunike ingqiqo ebalulekileyo malunga nendlela, kutheni, kwaye xa abantu bevumelana kunye nemiphumo yoxinzelelo loluntu ekuziphatheni.
> Imithombo:
> Britt, MA. Iingcaphephe zengqondo: Ukusuka kwiInja zikaPavlov ukuya kwiRorschach's Inkblots. Avon, MA: Ii-Adams Media; 2017.
> Myers, DG. Ukuhlola i-Psychology. I-New York: AbaPashi Abafanelekileyo; 2009.