Kutheni i-DSM ibuyekezwe ngo-2013?
Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka, izazi zengqondo kunye neengqondo zithembele kwiNcwadana yokuHlola kunye neSatistim of Disabilities of the Mind ukuqinisekisa ukuba zilandela iindlela ezifanelekileyo kunye nobuchule obusekelwe kwisifo sokugula, kuquka ukuphazamiseka kwezidakamizwa. Sekude kuthethwa ukuba imilinganiselo yegolide yokuchaza oko kukuthi uxilongwane lwempilo yengqondo.
Iimpawu zokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi zatshintshile kakhulu ukusuka kwi-DSM-IV ukuya kwi-DSM 5.
Iimfuno ze-DSM-IV zeengxaki zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi
Imilinganiselo ye-DSM 5 yeengxaki zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi
Nangona uxwebhu ngalunye lwencwadana luye lwabonisa ulwazi oluhle kakhulu lwexesha, xa ludlulileyo, luya kufana nolwazi olungcono, kwaye lubuhlungu kakhulu. Thatha umzekelo wobungqingili, umzekelo. Kwi-DSM-III, kwakucatshulwa njengesifo sengqondo. Ngamhla, ukufakwa kobungqingili njengengxaki yokugula kwengqondo kubhekwa njengento ebalulekileyo kwimbali yoxinzelelo lwabancinci bezesondo .
Kanye nokubonakalisa ukucinga kwimihla, i- DSM ihlaziywa ukucinga ngokuthe ngophando uphando kwimida yeengqondo, i-psychiatry, neuroscience, kunye nezinye iindawo ezinxulumene nobuchule. Olu phando luhlaziywa, luhlaziywa, luhlalutyiwe kwaye luqwalaselwa ngongqondo olubalaseleyo ensimini, ekugqibeleni luza kuvumelana malunga noko kufuneka kwaye akufanele lufakwe kwi-DSM, kunye neendlela zokuhlola.
I-DSM-5 ibonisa indawo ephawulekayo kwimbali yengqondo yengqondo, ngokuba okokuqala ngethuba iimvo zoluntu ziye zaqwalaselwa ekuphuhliseni iimfuno ze-DSM-5. Oku kwakwenzeka kuphela nge-intanethi, kunye nokukwazi okumangalisayo ukufikelela kubantu abangenakuqhagamshelana nabo.
Iinguqu ezivela kwi-DSM-IV ukuya kwi-DSM-5 Inkcazo yokuThathalaliswa kweengxaki zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi
Nangona iindawo ezininzi zesifo sengqondo azizange zitshintshe kakhulu ukusuka kwi-DSM-IV ukuya kwi- DSM-5 , utshintsho kwiinkqubo zokuxilongwa kweengxaki zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi zibalulekile.
Enye yezona ndlela ezibalulekileyo ukuba i-criteria iyatshintshile ulwimi olusetyenziselwa ukuthabatha ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa, ezitshintshile ekusebenziseni igama elithi "kakubi" kunye "nokuxhomekeka" ekusebenziseni igama elithi "ukusebenzisa." Kutheni le nto?
Masiqale ngokusetyenziswa kakubi komsebenzi. Eli gama linxulumene nenkohlakalo, ukuphathwa kakubi, kunye nokulimala, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kuhlobaniswa nokusetyenziswa kakubi ngokomzimba okanye ubundlobongela, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwemvakalelo, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo, ngokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo. Enyanisweni, okufutshane "ukuxhaphazwa kwabantwana" kusetyenziswa rhoqo kwaye kuqondwa ukuba kuthetha ukusetyenziswa kakubi ngokwesini. Ngoko le nto inokuhlobene njani nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi? Into ayinakusetyenziswa kakubi, kuba njengento engapheliyo, ayikwazi ukulimaza. Ngoko "ukusetyenziswa gadalala" kwixesha elithi "ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi," eyayiyilesi yokuxilonga kwi-DSM-IV, ekubhekiselelwe ekusebenziseni izinto njengendlela yokuzisebenzisa kakubi, kunye nexabiso njengendlela yokusetyenziswa kakubi. Kodwa ingenjongo yabasebenzisi bezinto ukuba bazilimaze? Mhlawumbi hayi.
Enyanisweni, kubantu abaninzi, into echasene nayo iyinyani.
Xa ebuzwa isizathu sokuba basebenzise izinto, banikezela izizathu ezinjengokubanceda ukuba bahlalisane okanye baxhumane nabanye, bazibonelele ngamava, amava, kwaye bancedise ukuphumla.
Emva koko kukho ixesha, ukuxhomekeka. Oku kusekelwe kumbono okhoyo ngoku ngokugqithisileyo wokuba umlutha "otywalayo" awunakunceda ngokugqithiseleyo izigqila, kwaye akakwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle kweziyobisi okanye ukuziphatha kakubi. Lo mbono ogqithisileyo ngoku uyaziwa ukuba awuchanekanga, kwaye ubangele ukukhathazeka nokukhathazeka kubantu abaneengxaki zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi.
Ulwimi lokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi luchanekile ngakumbi, kwaye luncinci kubantu abanobuchule bokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa, kwaye lubonisa ukuguquka okubalulekileyo ekucingeni ngetyala.
Imithombo
Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika. I-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual yeengxaki zeengqondo, ukuhlaziywa kwembhalo, i-Fourth Edition, uMbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika. 2000.
Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika. I-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disabilities. Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika. 2013.