Ukuqwalaselwa okukhethiweyo yinkqubo yokugxila kwinto ethile kwimeko ethile kwithuba elithile. Ingqwalasela yinkxaso engaphelelanga, ukunakekelwa okukhethileyo kusenza sikwazi ukukhupha iinkcukacha ezingabalulekanga kwaye sigxininise kwizinto ezibalulekileyo.
Isaziso Sokukhetha Sisebenza Njani?
Kukho nawuphi na umzuzu, sithotyelwa rhoqo kwiinkcukacha zengqondo.
Ukutshaya kwepondo yemoto esitalatini ngaphandle, ukucokola kwabahlobo bakho, ukucofa kwezitshixo njengoko uthayipha iphepheni yesikolo, i-hum of the heater njengoko igcina igumbi lakho lifudumala ngosuku olushushu lwekwindla. Kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi, asiyikunyamekela nganye nganye yezi ziva . Kunoko, sibeka ingqwalasela kwizinto ezithile ezibalulekileyo kwimeko yethu ngethuba ezinye izinto zidibanisa kwimvelaphi okanye zisiphelise ngokungabonakali.
Ngoko ke sinokugqiba njani ukuba sinokuyithatha njani ingqalelo kwaye siyintoni na ukungayihoyi?
Khawucinge ukuba uphakathi komcimbi kumhlobo obanjwe kwindawo yokutyela. Iingxoxo ezininzi, ukucoca kwamacwecwe kunye neefoloko, kunye nezinye izandi zintlintlonelo. Kuzo zonke izivalo, ufumana ukwazi ukuhlawula izandi ezingenanto kwaye ugxininise kwibali elimnandi lokuba iqabane lakho lidla.
Ungayinceda njani ukungayinaki imimiselo ethile kwaye ugxininise kwimiba eyodwa yendawo yakho?
Lo ngumzekelo wokuqwalasela okukhethiweyo. Ngenxa yokuba amandla ethu okuya kwizinto ezizungezile zilinganiselwe ngokwemandla zombini kunye nobude besikhathi, kufuneka sikhethe malunga nezinto esiziqwalaselayo. Ingqwalasela ifana nokukhanya, icacisa iinkcukacha esiyidingayo ukugxila kunye nokuphonsa ulwazi olungengaluqoqo kwindlela esiyijonga ngayo.
Ukuze sikwazi ukugcina ingqalelo kwisiganeko sobomi bemihla ngemihla, kufuneka sihlunge ezinye iimeko, "kuchaza umbhali uRussell Revlin kwisicatshulwa sakhe esithi," Ukuqonda: Inkolelo kunye nokuSebenza. " "Kufuneka sikhethe ngokugxila kwiziganeko ezibangelwa ngabanye. Kungenxa yokuba ingqwalasela yinkxaso efunekayo ukuba ihanjiswe kulezo ziganeko ezibalulekileyo."
Ukunyamekela
Kukho ezimbini iimodeli ezinkulu ezichaza indlela okubonakala ngayo.
- Umzekelo "wokukhanya" usebenza ngendlela efana neyandi-ithetha ukuba ingqwalasela ibonakala ifana neyobonakalayo. Iingcali zeengqondo uWilliam James wacetyisa ukuba lo mbonakalo luquka indawo ephambili apho izinto zijongwa ngokucacileyo. Ummandla ojikeleze eli nqaku, elibizwa ngokuba yintsimbi, liyabonakala, kodwa alibonakali ngokucacileyo. Ekugqibeleni, indawo engaphandle kwendawo yomda wendawo yokukhanya iyayaziwa njengemida.
- Indlela yesibini yaziwa ngokuba "imodeli yeliso-lens". Nangona iqulethe zonke izinto ezifanayo zendlela yokukhanya, ibonisa kwakhona ukuba sikwazi ukwandisa okanye ukunciphisa ubukhulu becala lethu kujongene nokufana ne-zoom lens yekhamera. Nangona kunjalo, indawo ekujoliswe kuyo igxininisekisa ekuqhubekeni kancinci kuba iquka ulwazi oluninzi ukuze izibonelelo ezincinci kufuneka zihanjiswe kwindawo enkulu.
I-Audited Auditory Attention
Ezinye zezilingo ezaziwa kakhulu kwiinkcazo zokuphicothwa ngolo hlobo yizo ezenziwe ngumcali wezengqondo uColin Cherry. UCherry uphando ngendlela abantu abakwazi ngayo ukulandelela iingxoxo ezithile ngelixa belungiselela abanye ngaphandle, into ebhekisela kuyo ngokuthi "i-cocktail party effect".
Kule mizamo, imilayezo emibini yokuphicotha ihanjiswe ngexesha elinye kunye neentetho nganye. UCherry wacela ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba baqwalasele umyalezo othize, baze baphinde babuye oko bakuve. Wafumanisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bakwazi ukuthobela lula umyalezo omnye kwaye baphinda, kodwa xa bebuzwa malunga nomxholo wesinye isigidimi, abazange bakwazi ukuthetha nantoni na.
UCherry wafumanisa ukuba xa umxholo wesigidimi esingalindelekanga satshintshile ngokukhawuleza (njengokutshintsha ukusuka kwisiNgesi ukuya kwisijimi esisemkhatsini we-German okanye ngokukhawuleza ukudlala ngasemva) bambalwa kakhulu kwabathathi-nxaxheba baqaphela.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuba ukuba isithethi sesigidimi esingalindelekanga sitshintshile kwindoda ibe yintombi (okanye ngokuphambene nantoni) okanye ukuba isigidimi satshintshwe nge-400-Hz ithoni, abathathi-nxaxheba babehlala beqaphela utshintsho.
Iziphumo zeCherry ziye zaboniswa kwiimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo. Abanye abaphandi baye bafumanisa iziphumo ezifanayo kunye nemiyalezo kubandakanya uluhlu lwamagama kunye nemiculo yomculo.
Iingcamango zokwazisa okukhethiweyo
Iingcamango zengqalelo ezikhethileyo zihlala zijolise ekujoliswe kuyo xa ulwazi lwakhuthazwa, mhlawumbi ekuqaleni kwenkqubo okanye emva kwexesha.
I-Broadbent Filter Model
Enye yeengcamango zokuqala zokuqwalasela ingumzekelo wokucoca u-Donald Broadbent. Ukwakha uphando oluqhutywe nguCherry, u-Broadbent wasebenzisa isalathisi sokusetyenziswa ngolwazi ukuchaza ingqalelo yoluntu. Wacetyisa ukuba amandla ethu okucwangcisa ulwazi akancinci ngokwemigangatho yamandla, kwaye ukhetho lwethu lweenkcukacha lwenkqubo luqhutywa kwangoko kwinkqubo yokuqonda .
Ukuze sikwenze oku, sisebenzisa isihlunu ukucacisa ukuba yiyiphi inkcazelo eya kuhamba kuyo. Zonke i-stimuli zenziwa ngokutsha ngokusekelwe kwiipropati zomzimba ezibandakanya umbala, ukuphakama, isalathisi kunye nokugxeka. Izihlungi zethu ezikhethiweyo ke zivumela ukuba i-stimuli ethile idlule phambili ukuze iqhutywe phambili xa ezinye iifomula ziyanqatshwa.
ITheory of Atttenation
U-Treisman waphakamisa ukuba ngelixa i-Broadbent yeendlela ezisisiseko zichanekile, ayikwazanga ukuphendula ngenxa yokuba abantu bangakwazi ukuqhuba intsingiselo yokuya kwimilayezo. U-Treisman ucebisa ukuba endaweni yefayile, ingqwalasela isebenza ngokusebenzisa i-atttenuator ebonisa ukuvuselela okusekelwe kwiipropati zomzimba okanye ngentsingiselo.
Cinga ngomlindisi ofana nokulawula ivolumu-ungayiguqula umthamo weminye imithombo yolwazi ukuze ufikelele kumthombo omnye wolwazi. "Umthamo" okanye ubunzulu bezinye i-stimuli inokuba yinto ephantsi, kodwa ikhona.
Kwimvavanyo, uMphathiswa wabonisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba basenako ukuchonga iziqulatho zesigidimi esingalindelekanga, esibonisa ukuba bakwazi ukuqhuba intsingiselo yabo babini kunye nemiyalezo engalindelekanga.
Iimodeli zokukhetha iMemori
Abanye abaphandi babekholelwa ukuba imodeli ye-Broadbent yayingenelisekanga kwaye ingqwalasela yayingeke isekelwe kuphela kwiimpawu eziphathekayo. Impembelelo yeqela le-cocktail isebenza njengomzekelo oyintloko. Khawucinge ukuba uphakathi kwaye uqaphele ingxoxo phakathi kweqela lakho labangane. Ngokukhawuleza, uva igama lakho elikhankanywe liqela labantu abasondeleyo. Nangona ungazange uhambele kule ngxoxo, i-stimulus yangaphambili eyayingalindelekanga yakhawuleza ingqwalasela isekelwe kwintsingiselo kunokuba izakhiwo zenyama.
Ngokomxholo wokukhetha inkumbulo yokuqwalasela, bobabini beza kunye nemiyalezo engalindelekanga idlula kwisihlunu sokuqala kwaye emva koko ihlelwe kwisigaba sesibini esekelwe kwingqinisiso yangempela yesiqulatho somyalezo. Ulwazi oluya kuthi lubekelwe kwisiseko luye lwadluliselwa kwimemori yesikhashana .
IiNkcazo zoLwazi lweNgcaciso ekhethekileyo
Iingcamango zakutshanje zihlala zigxila kwingcamango yokuqwalaselwa kwintlupheko kunye nendlela ezo zixhobo eziye zahlula ngayo kwimithombo ekhuphisanayo yolwazi. Iingcamango ezinjalo ziphakamisa ukuba sinomlinganiselo ochanekileyo wokuqwalasela okhoyo kwaye kufuneka sikhethe indlela esabelana ngayo ngayo iindawo zethu zokugcina ingqalelo kwimisebenzi okanye imicimbi emininzi .
"Ukunyamekela izixhobo zenkcazelo zigxeka kakhulu ngokubanzi ngokubanzi kwaye zingacacanga. Enyanisweni, akunako ukuma yedwa ekuchazeni zonke iinkalo zengqalelo, kodwa izalisekisa iifriji ezicatshulwa kakuhle," kuchaza uRobert Sternberg kwisicatshulwa esithi, "Ingqondo yeCognitive Psychology" ngokushwankathela iingcamango ezahlukeneyo zokuqwalasela okukhethiweyo. "I-Filter kunye neengcambu ze-bottleneck zengqalelo zibonakala zifane neefowuni ezifanelekileyo eziyimpumelelo kwimisebenzi ekhuphisanayo ebonakala ngathi ingqalelo engavumelaniyo ... Inkolelo yesibonelelo ibonakala isingqungquthela esingcono ekuchazeni iziganeko ezixutyushwa kwizinto ezinzima."
Imiba
Inani lezinto ezinokubangela ingqwalasela ekhethiweyo kwimilayezo ethethiweyo. Indawo esuka apho isandi esivela khona sinokudlala indima. Ngokomzekelo, mhlawumbi unakho ukuhlawula ingqalelo kwincoko eyenzekayo eduze kwakho kunokuba ube neenyawo ezininzi.
Kwicatshulwa lakhe, "I-Psychology of Attention," uprofesa wengqondo kwengqondo uHarold Pashler uthi ukuba ukuhambisa imiyalezo kwiindlebe ezahlukeneyo akuyi kubakho ekukhethweni kwesinye isigidimi phezu kwesinye. Imilayezo emibini kufuneka ibe nolunye uhlobo lwe-non-overlap ngexesha ukwenzela ukuba umntu abekho ngokukhethekileyo ukuya kwelinye. Njengoko kuchazwe ngaphambili, utshintsho kwi-pitch lunokudlala indima ekukhetheni.
Inani lezinto ezikhethiweyo ezifunekayo ukuba zilungiselelwe ukuba ziye kwiqela elilodwa zingenza inkqubo ibe nzima nakakhulu. Cinga ukuba usegumbini elinabantu abaninzi kwaye iingxoxo ezahlukeneyo zenzeka kuyo yonke indawo. Ukukhethwa koluhlu lwezo zinto ziba nzima kunzima, nangona ingxoxo iyenzeka kufuphi.
Funda ngakumbi malunga nendlela osebenza ngayo ingqalelo , ezinye zezinto onokuzenza ukuphucula ingqalelo yakho, kwaye kutheni ngezinye iinkhathi silahleka okulungileyo phambi kwethu .
> Imithombo:
> Broadbent, D. (1958). Ukuqonda kunye noNxibelelwano. ILondon: Press Press.
> Cherry, EC (1953). Olunye uvavanyo malunga nokwaziswa kwentetho enye kunye neendlebe ezimbini. Umbhalo we-Acoustical Society of America , 25 , 975-979.
> Revlin, R. (2013). Ukuqonda: Iingcamango nezenzo . IYew York: Abapapashi abafanelekileyo.
> Sternberg, RJ (2009). Ingqondo yengqondo . EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth.
> Treisman, A., 1964. Ukunyuselwa kwintetho kumntu. I-British Medical Bulletin , 20 , 12-16.