Ukuqonda "ibhile yeBhayibhile" ukusuka kwi-DSM-I ukuya kwi-DSM-5
Okwangoku kwiphepha lesihlanu (iDSM-5), i- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (iDSM) ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba yiBhayibhile. Kwiinkalo zalo ziinkalo ezichanekileyo zokuxilongwa kweengxaki zengqondo, kunye neenkcukacha zeekhowudi ezenza ukuba oophrophu bakwazi ukucaphula ngokukhawuleza iimeko ezinzima kwiinkampani zomshuwalense kunye nezinye izicelo ezikhawulezayo.
Le ndlela inika inani leenzuzo, njenge-standard standard of diagnostics kwiinkonzo ezahlukeneyo zonyango. Kodwa ngokugqithiseleyo, iingcali zempilo yengqondo ziqwalasela iimingcipheko, kubandakanywa nokuba nethuba lokuxilonga. Inqaku le-2011 kwiSalon.com lathi, "Abaphengululi bavukela iBhayibhile." Ukuze uqonde ingxoxo, kuyimfuneko yokuqala ukuqonda ukuba yi-DSM kwaye ayikho.
Imbali ye-DSM
Nangona iingcambu zaso zilandelelaniswa ngasekupheleni kweXesha le-19 leminyaka, ukulungelelaniswa kwezigulane zokugula ngengqondo kubambelele kwiminyaka emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. ISebe laseMelika leMagqeba oMkhosi wePhondo (obizwa ngokuba yi-Veterans Administration, okanye i-VA) yayidinga indlela yokufumanisa nokuphathwa kwamalungu enkonzo abuyele ebuninzi beengxaki zempilo yengqondo. Ukusebenzisa ezininzi zegama eliqulunqwe yi-VA, i-World Health Organisation yakhawuleza ikhuphe iSigaba saMazwe saMaZwe (ICD), ukukhutshwa kwesithandathu, okokuqala oko kwakuquka izifo zengqondo.
Nangona lo msebenzi wawumelele eminye yemigangatho yokuqala yokuxilongwa kwezempilo yengqondo, bekungekho igqibeleleyo.
I-DSM-I kunye ne-DSM-II
Ngo-1952, i-American Psychiatric Administration (APA) yapapasha ukuhluka kwe-ICD-6 ngokukodwa eyenzelwe ukusetyenziswa koogqirha kunye nabanye ababonelela ngemithi. I-DSM-Ndingowokuqala kohlobo lwayo, kodwa iingcali zavuma ukuba kusefuneka umsebenzi.
I-DSM-II, ekhutshwe ngo-1968, inqamle iiphene eziyilo, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwegama elididekayo kunye nokungahambi kweendlela ezicacileyo zokuhlukanisa phakathi kweengxaki ezithile. I-DSM-II nayo yandise umsebenzi.
DSM-III
Ishicilelwe ngo-1980, i-DSM-III ibonise inguqu enkulu kwisakhiwo se-DSM. Kwakuyimpompo yokuqala ukuzisa izinto ezinje eziqhelekileyo njengenkqubo ye-axis ephezulu, ebona iphrofayili yonke yengqondo, kunye neenkcazo zokuxilonga ngokucacileyo. Kwakhona kwasusa ezininzi iinguqulelo zangaphambili kwi-psychodynamic, okanye i- Freudian , nangona ifuna indlela engathathi hlangothi.
Nangona i-DSM-III yayingumsebenzi wovulindlela, ukusetyenziswa kwehlabathi lokwenene kungekudala kwatyhila iimpazamo kunye nokulinganiselwa kwayo. Ukudibanisa iinkqubo zokuxilonga nokungahambelani kwakhokelela i-APA ukuphucula ukuhlaziywa. Ezinye zezi zinguqu zisekelwe kwiimimiselo zentlalo. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-DSM-III, ubungqingili babalwa ngokuthi "ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo." Kodwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980, nangona kunjalo, ubungqingili bekungabonakali njengengxaki, nangona ukuxhalaba kunye nokuxinezeleka malunga nokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo. I-DSM-III-R, eyakhululwa ngo-1987, yazinzisa ubuninzi beengxaki zangaphakathi zomsebenzi wangaphambili.
I-DSM-IV kunye ne-DSM-5
Epapashwe ngo-1994, i-DSM-IV ibonisa utshintsho oluninzi ekuqondeni kweengxaki zempilo yengqondo.
Ezinye izixilongo zongezwa, ezinye zikhutshwe okanye ziphinde zenziwe kwakhona. Ukongeza, inkqubo yokuxilonga yacetyiswa ngakumbi kumzamo wokwenza kube lula ukusebenziseka.
I-DSM-5, eyapapashwa ngo-Meyi 2013, ibonisa enye inguqu enkulu ekucingeni kwimpilo yengqondo yoluntu. Ukufumanisa iinguqu zitshintshiwe, zisuswe okanye zongezwa, kwaye isakhiwo sombutho senziwa ngokutsha kwakhona. Ngokungafani neenguqu ezidlulileyo ngaphambi kwayo (okuyiminyaka eminyaka phakathi kweenguqulelo), i-DSM-5 kulindeleke ukuba ihlaziywe rhoqo rhoqo kunye neezongeziweyo ezincinane (ezifana ne-DSM-5.1, iDSM-5.2, njl.) Njama ukuzama ukuphendula uphando.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango
Wonke umntu osebenzisa i-DSM ngendlela yakhe. Abanye oogqirha banamathele ngokucacileyo kule ncwadana, ukuphuhlisa izicwangciso zonyango ngamnye kumxhasi ngokusekelwe kuphela kwiinkcukacha zokufunda. Abanye basebenzisa i-DSM njengesikhokelo-sixhobo sokubasiza ukuba baqikelele amatyala ngelixa bejolise kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo zecala ngalinye. Kodwa kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, phantse zonke iipilisi zifumana zibhekiselele kwiikhowudi ze-DSM ukwenzela ukuba kuhlawulwe unyango kwiinkampani zomshuwalense. Intshuwalense yezempilo yintsimi eyinkimbinkimbi, kwaye i-code edibeneyo yeekhowudi ivumela iinchubhe ze-inshurensi kunye neeofisi zokuhlawula ii-therapists ukuba bathethe ulwimi olufanayo.
Izinzuzo
Ngaphandle kwemiqathango yokuhlawula kunye nekhowudi, iDSM inikezela ngenani leenzuzo ezibalulekileyo kubo bobabini kunye nomxhasi. Ukumiselwa kweziqinisekiso kukunceda ukuba abathengi bamkele unyango olufanelekileyo, luncedo nangona kungakhathaliseki indawo, isigaba sentlalo okanye ukukwazi ukuhlawula. Inika uvavanyo oluchanekileyo lwemiba kwaye luncedisa ekuphuhliseni iinjongo ezithile zonyango , kunye nomgangatho omgangatho wokuvavanya ukuphumelela kwonyango. Ukongeza, i-DSM inceda ukukhokela uphando kwinkalo yengqondo yengqondo. Uluhlu lokuhlola uluhlu lubonisa ukuba amaqela ahlukeneyo abaphandi afunda ingxaki efanayo - nangona le nto ingaba yinto ebonakalayo kunokuba yenzeke, njengoko iziphazamiso ezininzi zinjalo iimpawu ezihlukeneyo.
Kulo mpilo, i-DSM iphelisa ubuninzi bokuqikelela. Ukuxilongwa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokunyangwa kwengqondo yengqondo kuba yinto yobugcisa, kodwa i-DSM yokuxilonga imigaqo isebenza njengendlela yemephu ekhokelayo. Ngethuba lobudala bonyango , ugqirha unokubona umthengi othile kuphela ngamaxesha amaninzi, okungekho ixesha elide lokucoca ngokupheleleyo kwimvelaphi yomthengi kunye nemiba. Ukusebenzisa imigaqo yokuxilonga equlethwe kwi-DSM, umphathiswa unokudala isakhelo sokukhawuleza, esilungiswa ngexesha leeseshoni nganye.
Imiba
Utshutshiso olutshanje lubonakala lubhekisana neengxoxo ezinde ixesha elide malunga nempilo yengqondo. Abagxeki abaninzi be-DSM bayakubona njengokugqithiseleka kokuqhubeka kokuziphatha kwabantu. Abanye banenkxalabo yokuba ngokunciphisa iingxaki ezinzima kwiibhile kunye neenombolo, izenzululwazi zibeka ingozi ekulahlekelweni komntu oyingqayizivele. Izingozi ezikhoyo zibandakanya i-diagnosis diagnostic okanye i-diagnostic, apho amaqela amaninzi abantu abhalwe njengengxaki ngenxa yokuba ukuziphatha kwabo akusoloko kuhambelana "neyona nto". Ukukhathazeka kwengxaki yabantwana kunye noxinzelelo (hydactivity disorder) (i- ADHD ) idlalwa njengomzekelo. Imisebenzi kwisigama-magama kunye neendlela zokuxilonga phakathi kwe-DSM-II kunye ne-DSM-IV zihambelane nokuhlaziya okukhulu kwinani labantwana kwiRitalin okanye ezinye iyeza zokunyusa ingqalelo.
Ezinye iingozi zibandakanya ukuba kubekho ukuhlanjululwa. Nangona ukuphazamiseka kwempilo yengqondo kungakhange kubonwe ngokukhanya okungazange kubekho ngaphambili, iziphazamiso ezithile zingabonwa njengeebhali. Abanye abaphengululi bazinyamekela ukukhupha amalebula kubathengi babo, nangona ngezizathu ze-inshorensi, kunokufunyaniswa ukuxilongwa ezithile.
Into onokuyenza
Nangona kukho ukukhathazeka okuqhubekayo ngamacandelo amacandelo ezempilo yengqondo, i-DSM ihlala iyimilinganiselo yokuxilongwa kweemeko zempilo yengqondo. Njengaye nayiphi na enye incwadi yobungcali, ke, i-DSM yenzelwe ukuba isetyenziswe njengezinye zezixhobo ezininzi zokuxilonga nokuchongwa okufanelekileyo. Akukho nto ithatha indawo yokugwetywa kwengcali kwinxalenye yophila. Kubalulekile ukuxoxisana nabachaphazelekayo bezempilo njengokuba unomnye umboneleli wesevisi. Buza imibuzo malunga nemvelaphi yeengcali kunye nendlela yokwelapha, kwaye ukhethe owakhe isitayela esilungileyo kunye nobuntu bakho kunye neenjongo zonyango.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iminyango yempilo yengqondo ipapashe iincwadi ezongezelelweyo ezama ukulungisa ezinye zezinto ezingenakucelwa yi-DSM kunye neenkalo ezithile zokuxilonga ezichaphazelekayo kwisikolo sokucinga. Ngokomzekelo, amaqumrhu amahlanu ahlangene ukuze enze i-Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual, okanye i-PDM, ngo-2006. Le ncwadana ethile ibhekiselwe kubathinteli abasebenzisa i- psychoanalysis , kodwa abanye bajolise kwiingcamango ezahlukeneyo zengqondo. Injongo yeencwadi ziza kucacisa ngokubanzi ubunzulu kwimibandela eyahlukeneyo enokuchaphazela abathengi abaneengxaki ezifanayo. Ukuba ungathandabuzeki nge-DSM, cela umba wakho ukuba usebenzisa naziphi na izixhobo zokuxilonga.
Ukuba unenkxalabo malunga nokuxilongwa kwakho, cela umculi wakho ngolwazi olungakumbi. Ukufumana i-rightrapist ingaba nzima, kodwa umvuzo ufanelekile ingxaki.
Imithombo:
> DSM: Imbali. Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika. http://www.psych.org/MainMenu/Research/DSMIV/History_1.aspx.
I-DSM-V Development. Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika. > https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm.
> Amanzi, uRob. "Iingcali zivukela iBhayibhile." Salon . Disemba 27, 2011. http://www.salon.com/2011/12/27/therapists_revolt_against_psychiatrys_bible/.