I-Opioid Use Disorder i-diagnostic efakwe kwisiqulatho sesihlanu seNcwadana yokuHlola kunye neSatistim of Distress mentals , i-DSM-5. Idibanisa iziphazamiso ezimbini ezivela kwiprogram yangaphambili ye-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, i-DSM-IV-TR, eyaziwa njenge-Opioid Dependence kunye ne-Opioid Abuse, kwaye ibandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lwezilwanyana ezingekho mthethweni kunye nezichanekileyo zeklasi ye-opioid.
Nangona igama elithi generic, i-Opioid Use Disorder, linikezelwa kwi-DSM-5, izikhokelo zibonisa ukuba isichengisi se-opioid esisetyenziswa ngumntu sichazwe kwi-diagnostic. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamachiza e-opioid, ukusuka kwizidakamizwa zesitalato ezifana ne- heroin , kwi-opioids esetyenziselwa ukufaka endaweni yezidakamizwa zesitalato, ezifana ne- methadone , enokufumaneka kwiprogram yesondlo yemethadone okanye ithengwe ngokungekho mthethweni, kwii-analgesics ezisetyenziselwa kwizibhedlele zesibhedlele, ezifana ne-morphine, kwii- painkillers eziqhelekileyo ezifumanekayo kwi-prescription, ezifana ne-codeine kunye ne-oxycontin. Ngoko i-Opioid Use Use Disorder ihlanganisa uluhlu olubanzi lweziyobisi ezifakwe kwimithombo eyahlukileyo ehlukeneyo, kwaye ngabantu beendlela ezahlukeneyo zobomi.
Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo nolwaziwa kakhulu lwe-Opioid Use Disorder yi-Heroin Use Disorder Disorder, kodwa nangaphantsi kwama-10% abantu abaneminyaka eli-12-17 ubudala e-United States kunye ne-Opioid Use Disorder bathathe i-heroin.
Uninzi lwabantu abane-Opioid Use Disorder sebenzisa i-opioids ye-analgesic, okanye i-painkillers ingaba bayimiselwe omnye umntu, okanye bafumana enye indlela.
Iimpawu ze-Opioid Use Disorder
Ukuxilongwa kwe-Opioid Use Disorder kungasetyenziselwa umntu osebenzisa iziyobisi ze-opioid kwaye ubuncinane ubuncinane ezimbini kwezi zilandelayo zilandelayo kwiinyanga ezili-12:
- Ukuthatha izidakamizwa ezininzi ze-opioid kunokuba zenzelwe.
- Ukufuna okanye ukuzama ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ze-opioid ngaphandle kwempumelelo.
- Ukuchitha ixesha elininzi ukufumana, ukuthatha, okanye ukubuyisela kwimiphumo yezilwanyana ze-opioid.
- Ukuthanda i-opioids.
- Ukuhluleka ukwenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ekhaya, emsebenzini okanye esikolweni ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwe-opioid.
- Ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisa i-opioids, nangona kusetyenziswe ubudlelwane obangela iziyobisi okanye iingxaki zentlalo.
- Ukunikezela okanye ukunciphisa eminye imisebenzi ngenxa yokusebenzisa i-opioid.
- Ukusebenzisa i-opioids nangona kusemzimbeni kungakhuselekanga.
- Ukwazi ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-opioid kubangela ingxaki yomzimba okanye yengqondo, kodwa uqhubeka uthabatha iziyobisi
- Ukunyamezela i-opioids.
- Izimpawu zokulahla xa i-opioids ingathathwa.
Ngaba kukho umntu ophioids ophethe i-Opioid Use Disorder?
Abantu abaninzi banqunywe i-opioids ngentlungu, ngexesha elide nelifutshane, kwaye azinakho ukukhubazeka kwe-opioid. Kwaye ngelixa kubakho imeko yokuba abantu babe nokunyamezela ngokomzimba kwi-opioids ebekiwe, kunye neempawu zempawu zokuhoxiswa ngokomzimba xa bengayithathi isigxina, iDSM-5 ichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba oku akusebenziyo xa umntu ehlangabezana nale mpawu phantsi kweyeza ngamela. Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba iingxaki zomlutha zibangelwa yintsholongwane yengqondo, kwaye nangona umntu angakwazi ukuvelisa iimpendulo eziqhelekileyo ezibonakalayo kwixesha elide lokuxhatshazwa kweziyobisi, oko ngokwabo akuyiyo ingxaki, ukuba abanakho izifiso zeziyobisi, akukho bunzima bokusebenzisa iifayili ezifanelekileyo, kunye neengxaki zokuphila ngenxa yokuthatha isilwanyana (nangona umntu entlungu ayenokunciphisa umsebenzi ngenxa yentlungu yabo, ayifani nomsebenzi oncitshiswayo ngenxa yokuba bafuna iziyobisi ze-opioid.) Le nyathelo eliphambili ekuqondeni ukusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa.
Akunakusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni njenge-heroin ngokuzenzekelayo kuthetha ukuba umntu une-Opioid Use Disorder. Ukususela kuma-1970, kuye kwaziwa ukuba abasebenzisi abasebenzisa i-heroin banako ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kwabo kweziyobisi , kwaye basebenzise ngaphandle kokuzilimaza ngokwabo okanye kwabanye. Yintoni eyenza umehluko kulaba basebenzi be-heroin kuthelekiswa nalabo baneengxaki ezibalulekileyo? Zilawula ukusetyenziswa kwazo kweziyobisi, zisebenzisa iindlela ezikhuselekileyo zokuthatha izilwanyana, ukusika okanye ukuyeka ngokukhawuleza xa beziva bexhalabele, kwaye bavame ukugcina ukusetyenziswa kwabo kweziyobisi ngokuhlukileyo kubomi babo bentlalo, ukuxhamla ngokubanzi nabasebenzisi abangabasebenzisi beziyobisi, kunokuba abanye abasebenzisi base heroin.
Nangona abaninzi abasebenzisi be-heroin abanengxaki bathi ukusetyenziswa kwabo akuyona ingxaki, ngokuqhelekileyo ukusebenzisa i-heroin kubangela iingxaki ezibalulekileyo kunye nexesha elide kubasebenzisi kunokusebenzisa ezinye iziyobisi. Inombolo ecacileyo yabasebenzisi be-heroin abanengxaki kunye nabangenanto ingaziwa, kwaye ngenxa yokufihlakeleka kokusebenzisa i-heroin, ngoko kunzima ukuthelekisa abasebenzisi abanengxaki kunye nabangenanto. Kubonakala ngathi abo bahlakulela i-Heroin Use Disorder have a problem problems of minding even before they start using the drug. Ngokwahlukileyo, abo banako ukulawula nokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwabo bathambekele ngakumbi kunokholo lweengqondo kunye noluntu oluhle phambi kokusetyenziswa. Kuyafana nokuba abo benza okanye abanokuba ngumlutha kumachiza enhlungu, kodwa uphando olungakumbi luyadingeka ukuqonda ukuba kutheni abanye abantu bebaxilongo xa bethatha i-opioids, kanti abanye bengenalo.
Ukuhlola
Kukho izixhobo ezininzi zokuphonononga ezikhoyo eziye zaphuhliswa yiingcali ekugqithiseni, kwaye zipapashwe ukuze abanye bakwazi ukuzisebenzisa. Ezi zixhobo zokuphonononga zingasetyenziselwa ukuchonga ukuba ngaba umntu unokufuna ukuba ahlolwe ngxaki yokusebenzisa i-opioid. Enye into eqhelekileyo isebenzise, ithuluzi elilula elisetyenziselwa ukukhenkcela ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi yimibuzo yemibuzo yeCAGE, okulula ukuyikhumbula usebenzisa i-CAGE njengegama elibalulekileyo kwimibandela emine yokutyhila. Ukuba umntu uphendula u-ewe kuyo nayiphi na le mibuzo, baya kuzuza ngokuvavanya okupheleleyo.
C - imela "ukunqumla" - "Ngaba uzame ukunciphisa ukusela okanye ukusebenzisa iziyobisi, kodwa akunakwenzeka?"
A - imele "yacaphukisa" - "Ngaba intsapho kunye nabahlobo bakho bacasulayo malunga nokusela okanye ukusebenzisa iziyobisi?"
G - imela "ityala" - "Ngaba uvakalelwa unetyala malunga nokusela okanye ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi?"
I-E imela "ukuvula iso" - "Ngaba uphuze okanye usetyenzise iziyobisi njengento 'yokuvula iso' ekuseni?
Isixhobo esinokukhenkceleka ngakumbi sisixhobo se-Opioid, esibala iziganeko ezibeka abantu emngciphekweni omkhulu wokuba neengxaki zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. Ezi zinto ziquka imbali yasemva kwentsapho kunye nomntu wembali yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, imbali yobundlobongela bezesondo, ubuncinane, kunye nembali yeengxaki ezidlulileyo okanye ezikhoyo zengqondo, eziquka ukudandatheka kunye ne-schizophrenia.
Imithombo
Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika. I-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disabilities of the Mind , edition 5, DSM-5 TM . Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika. 2013.
Hser, Y., Evans, E., Huang, D., Brecht, M. kunye noLi, uL. "Ukuqhathaniswa nekhondo eliqinileyo lika heroin, i-cocaine, ne-methamphetamine zisebenzisa iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10." Umlutha Behav 33: 1581-1598. 2008.
UPowell, D. "Uvavanyo lomqhubi lwabasebenzisi base heroin." IArch Gen Psychiatry 28 (4), iphe. 586-94. 1973.
I-Sanchez, J., i-Chitwood, i-D. kunye ne-Koo, D. "Izinto ezinobungozi ezihambelanayo noTshintsho oluvela kwiHerinin Sniffing to Heroin Injection: I-Addict Street". Umbhalo wezeMpilo zeMihlaba 83: 896-910. 2006.