6 Iingcaphephe ezenza i-Psychology
Imbali yeengqondo izaliswe zifundo ezikhangayo kunye nokuhlolwa kweengqondo zeklasikhi ezanceda ukutshintsha indlela esicinga ngayo ngathi nokuziphatha kwabantu. Ngamanye amaxesha iziphumo zale mvavanyo zazimangalisa kangangokuthi zazijongene nobulumko obuqhelekileyo malunga nengqondo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Kwezinye iimeko, le mvavanyo yayiphikisana.
Ezinye zeempawu ezidumileyo ziquka ukulinganisa kukaMilgram kunye nokuhlolwa kwejele likaZimbardo. Hlola ezinye zezi zifundo zengqondo zeklasi ukufunda okungakumbi malunga nolunye uphando olwaziwa kakhulu kwimbali yengqondo.
I-1 - I-Pavlov's Classical Conditioning Experts
Ingcamango yenkcazo yeklasi ifundiswa ngumfundi ngamnye wokungena kwengqondo kwengqondo, ngoko kuya kumangalisa ukufunda ukuba indoda eyayiqaphela okokuqala yayingeyona ingcali yeengqondo.
IPavlov wayeyifunde inkqubo yokugaya izinja xa ephawula ukuba izifundo zakhe zaqala ukukhawuleza xa zibona umcebisi wakhe wencwadi. Oko akufumanisa ngokukhawuleza kwakhe kukuthi iimpendulo ezithile zingagqitywa ngokuzibandakanya ukuvuselela okungathathi hlangothi kwintliziyo eyenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo ibangela impendulo. Uvavanyo lukaPavlov kunye neenja ezisungulwe ngokusemgangathweni.
2 - Ii-Asch Conformity Experiments
Abaphandi baye bade banomdla kwinqanaba abantu abalandelayo okanye abavukelayo kwimimiselo yoluntu. Ngexesha le-1950, isazi sengqondo sezinto uSolomon Asch senze uchungechunge lweemvavanyo ezenzelwe ukubonisa amandla okuhambelana namaqela. Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba abantu banokumangalisa ukuhamba kunye neqela, kwanaxa beyazi ukuba iqela liphosakeleyo.
Kwizifundo zika-Asch, abafundi baxelelwa ukuba babethatha uvavanyo lwembono kwaye bacelwa ukuba bachonge ukuba yeyiphi imigca emithathu ubude obufana nomgca wokujolisa. Xa bebuzwa bodwa, abafundi babezichaneke kakhulu kwiimvavanyo zabo. Kwezinye izilingo, abathathi-nxaxheba abadibeneyo ngenjongo yokukhetha umgca ongalunganga. Ngenxa yoko, abaninzi abathathi-nxaxheba banika impendulo efanayo nababanye abafundi, babonisa indlela ukuhambelana ngayo kungaba nempembelelo enamandla kunye nengqiqo ekuphatheni kwabantu.
3 - I-Rlowus ye-Rhesus iMonkey Testings
Kuluhlu lweemvavanyo eziphazamisayo ezenziwa ngowama-1960, isazi sengqondo sengqondo uHarry Harlow sabonisa iimpembelelo ezinamandla zothando ekuphuculweni okuqhelekileyo. Ngokubonisa imiphumo ebangelwayo yokuncitshiswa kweenkomo ezincinane zeRhesus, uHarlow ubonakalise ukubaluleka kwothando lokuphuhliswa komntwana oluphuculweyo. Uvavanyo lwakhe lwaluhlala lukhohlakele kwaye lukhohlakele, kodwa bafumanisa iinyaniso ezibalulekileyo ezithintele kakhulu ukuqonda kwethu ukuphuhlisa abantwana.
Kwenye inguqu eyaziwayo yezilingo, iintsana zamantombazana zahlukana noomama emva kokuzalwa kwaye zifakwa kwindawo apho babekwazi ukufikelela kuyo ingcambu yomnxeba "umama" okanye inguqu yomama ongezantsi . Ngoxa umama wocingo wayinika ukutya, umama wendwangu wanikezela ngokukhawuleza nokuthuthuzela. UHarlow wafumanisa ukuba ngelixa iintsana ezintsana ziya kumama wocingo ngokutya, zazikhethe kakhulu inkampani yomama onxubileyo kwaye othuthuzelayo. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba izibophelelo zomama zazingaphezu kokupheka kokutya kunye kwaye ukhuseleko kunye nokukhuseleka kwadlala indima enkulu ekubunjweni kweziqhotyoshelweyo .
I-4 - I-Skinner's Operant Conditioning Experiments
U-Skinner wafunda indlela ukuziphatha kungaqiniswa ngayo ukuze kuphindwe okanye kubuthathaka ukuba kucime. Wakhele iBhokisi ye-Skinner apho isilwanyana, esivame ukuba sisigxina, siya kunikwa i-pellet yokutya okanye ukutshatyalazwa kombane. Ireyiti yayiza kufunda ukuba ukunyusa izinga lihambisa iplalet yokutya. Okanye, i-rat ingafunda ukuba ingacinezela i-lever ukuba ukwenza oko kuhanjiswa ngogesi. Emva koko isilwanyana singafunda ukudibanisa ukukhanya okanye isandi ngokukwazi ukufumana umvuzo okanye ukuphepha isigwebo ngokucinezela i-lever. Ngaphezu koko, wafunda ukuba umlinganiselo oqhubekayo, ulungelelwaniso, ixesha elimisiweyo, umlinganiselo ochaseneyo, kunye nokuqiniswa kwexesha lokutshintsha kukhokelela ekuphenduleni ngokukhawuleza okanye ukufunda.
I-5 - I-Milgram Yokuthobela Iingcamango
Kuvavanyo lukaMilgram , abathathi-nxaxheba baceliwe ukuba bathumele umothuko wombane "kumfundi" xa kunikwe impendulo engalunganga. Enyanisweni, umfundi wayengumdibaniselwano kumzamo owazenza ngathi uyothuka. Injongo yolu vavanyo yayikukunceda ukuba abantu bebaninzi bazimisele ukuya phi ukuthobela imiyalelo yesigunyaziso somntu. I-Milgram ibone ukuba i-65 ekhulwini yabathathi-nxaxheba bekulungele ukunikela ubuninzi beentlungu ngaphandle kwenyaniso yokuba umfundi ubonakala enzima kakhulu okanye engazi.
Njengoko unokucinga ukuba, uvavanyo lukaMilgram lukwaphawuleka ukuba lube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwimpikiswano yengqondo. Abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi banokuxinezeleka okukhulu ngenxa yokuthatha inxaxheba kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi abazange baxilwe emva kokupheliswa kovavanyo. Uvavanyo lwadlala indima ekuphuhliseni izikhokelo zomgaqo-nkqubo zokusetyenziswa kwabathathi-nxaxheba kwizengqondo zengqondo.
6 - Uvavanyo lwejele laseStanford
Uvavanyo lukaFilipu uZimbardo oludumileyo olubeka abafundi abaqhelekileyo kwiindima zamabanjwa kunye nabalindi basejele. Nangona okokuqala isifundo sifumaneke ukuba siphile iiveki ezimbini, kwafuneka kugqitywe emva kweentsuku ezintandathu nje kuba abalindi babaxhaphaza kwaye amabanjwa aqala ukubonisa iimpawu zokuxinzezeleka kunye nokuxhalabisa. Ucwaningo oludumileyo lukaZimbardo lwadluliselwa emva kokusetyenziswa kakubi ku-Abu Ghraib. Iingcali ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba iziphathamandla ezinjalo zichaphazelwa ngamandla ngamandla kwimeko kunye nezilindelo zokuziphatha ezibekwe kubantu abafakwe kwiindima ezahlukileyo.