Incwadana yokufumanisa i-Diagnosis manual ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala nokuxhomekeka kotywala
Emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwe-10 yokuhlaziywa, ukukhutshwa kwesihlanu kweNcwadana yokuHlola kunye neSatistim of Disabilities (DSM-5) yashicilelwa ngo-2013 yi-American Psychiatric Association (APA)-kodwa ngaphandle kokuphikisana. I-DSM-5 isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ngabaqeqeshi bezempilo ukuze baxilonge iingxaki zempilo yokuziphatha kwaye kusetyenziswe iinjongo zokuhlawula iinshurensi.
Iziqendu eziliqela ze-DSM-5 ezitsha ziphantsi kogxeka, kubandakanywa necandelo elijongene notywala.
Ukuxhatshazwa kotywala kotywala
Kwinguqu yangaphambili yale ncwadana, i-DSM-IV, eyapapashwa ngo-1994, ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kotywala kwahlula ngamacandelo amabini, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala kunye nokuxhomekeka kotywala .
Ngokutsho kwe-APA, "Ukwahlula phakathi kokuxhaphazwa nokuxhomekeka kuye kusekelwe kwingcamango yokusetyenziswa gadalala njengesiqhelo esincinane okanye sokuqala, nokuxhomekeka njengobonakaliso obunzima."
Esikhundleni seendlela ezimbini zokuxilonga, i-manual ehlaziyiweyo inexilongo olulodwa lokusetyenziswa kotywala kotywala (AUD) leyo, ngokutsho kwe-APA, "iya kulungelelanisa impawu ezigulane nezigulane."
Kwikhosi yesihlanu yale ncwadana, i-AUD inokuhlulwa njengobumnene, ngokulinganisela okanye obukhulu. Ukuxilongwa kusekelwe kwiingqinisiso ezili-11. Ubunzima be-disorder buhlanganiswe nenani leendlela ezihambelana nazo. Ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-1, umntu akanalo i-AUD.
Ukususela kwi-2 ukuya kwe-3, ukuxilongwa kuluhlaza; ukususela kwi-4 ukuya kwe-5, i-moderation; kunye no-6 okanye ngaphezulu, obunzima.
Ukudideka Kuxhomekeke kwixesha elixhasayo
Ngokutsho kwe-APA, isizathu sokudibanisa izifo ezihlukeneyo zodwa kwizinto eziqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuba ukuxilongwa kokuxhomekeka kotywala kwakubangela ukudideka. Uninzi lwabantu babecinga ukuxhomekeke kwintlungu .
Ukuxhomekeka, nangona kunjalo, unokuba ngumntu wakho oqhelekileyo ukuphendula ngokusebenzisa i-substance, njengokuba xa usuphila ngokuxhomekeka kwimizimba ngelixa ulandele i-regimen yakho.
11 Iingqinisiso zoTywala lokuTywala kweziTywala
Ezi nkcazelo ezichaziweyo zilandelayo zeziphi iingcali zempilo ezisetyenziselwa ukuxilongwa njengemigangatho eyi- 11 yokusetyenziswa kotywala kotywala :
| Iimpawu zoLwazi lokuTywala kweTywala (i-AUD) |
|---|
| Umsebenzi olahlekileyo okanye isikolo |
| Ukusela kwiimeko eziyingozi |
| Ukusela ngaphandle kweengxaki zentlalo okanye zentlalo |
| Ukukhwela utywala |
| Ukwakha ukunyamezela |
| Ukuhoxiswa xa uzama ukuyeka |
| Ukusela kakhulu kunokuba kwenziwe |
| Ukuzama ukuyeka ngaphandle kwempumelelo |
| Ukwandisa ukuziphatha kotywala |
| Ukungahambelani nemisebenzi ebalulekileyo |
| Ukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kweengxaki zempilo |
Inkqubo yokufuna inqwenela ithatha uphawu lwangaphambili lweengxaki zomthetho ngenxa yokusela, oko i-APA yashiywe ngenxa yeenkalo ezihlukeneyo zenkcubeko ezenza ukuba kunzima ukufaka izicelo kwilizwe jikelele.
Abagxeki bathi i-Alcoholism i-Mislabeled ne-Criteria entsha
Ngokutsho kweendlela ezintsha, umfundi wekholeji ophuza ukuphuza ngeentlungu ngeeveki kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo ephosakele iklasi uya kufunyaniswa ne-alcohol abuse mildness. Le nxalenye yendawo apho kuphikisana khona.
Abagxeki bathi iikhompyutheni ezihlaziyiweyo zingakhokelela ekolishi okanye abancinci bezonwabeliswa ukuba baphathwe kakubi njengotywala obunxilisayo, ukuxilongwa kwabo kunokuzilandela kwiminyaka yabo emva.
Iqela leMisebenzi likholelwa kwiNcwadi yeMigaqo-nkqubo emitsha inikezela ngokuchonga okuchanekileyo
Ibutho elisebenzayo elinceda ukuhlaziywa le ncwadana ibonisa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo entsha inyathelo elungileyo kwi-diagnosis ye-disorder.
"Intsimi yokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kunye nokukhoboka umonakalo ibone ukuqhuma kwiphando ebalulekileyo kwiminyaka emibini edluleyo," kusho uDkt. David Kupfer, usihlalo weqela le-DSM-5. "Utshintsho lubonisa inzululwazi engcono kwintsimi kwaye inikezele ngokucacileyo entsha indlela yokuyiqonda ngayo le ngxaki."
Omnye wabalobi be-DSM-IV yangaphambili akavumelani nokokuba uphando kufuneka lube yinto kuphela yokuxilongwa. Isigqibo se-DSM-5 sokunquma abaphuza iziqhamo zokugqibela kotywala sasiqhutywe ngabaphandi abangenakucinga ukuba iileyibhile iya kudlala njani ebantwini bentsha, "kusho uDkt. Allen Frances, usihlalo weqela le-DSM-IV.
Esinye IsiFundo sibonisa iCandelo elitsha elingazange lenze izinto ezininzi
Olunye uphando lwezenzululwazi ngo-2013 ngabaphandi e-Virginia Commonwealth University efundela amawele angama-7,000 kubonisa ukuba i-criteria entsha ayiphumelelanga ukuxilongwa ngokuphathelele utywala. Imigaqo-nkqubo entsha ayiphumeli ukuxilongwa okuchanekileyo.
Ukunyuka okungafunekiyo kwiNgcaciso
Abagxeki bokuhlaziywa bathi i-DSM-5 ikhulisa uluhlu lwezinto ezibhekiselwe kwisifo sengqondo kwaye zikhokelela ekunyusweni okungenasiphelo kweziphumo. Ukugxeka okungakumbi kunobungozi kwe-DSM-5 kwavela kwiZiko leSizwe lezeMpilo zeNgqondo (i-NIHM), eliye layeka ukuxhaswa kwalo kwencwadana ezimbini ngaphambi kokuba lipapashwe. I-NIMH, i-arhente enkulu yezemali yophando lwezezempilo yengqondo, yazisa ukuba iya kuphinda iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iqhube uphando lwayo kwi-DSM.
Iingqinisiso zeNtlanganiso Azinako Ukufumana Ingxaki
Ngokutsho kukaDkt. Thomas Insel, umlawuli we-NIMH xa le ncwadi ikhutshwe, yathi inengxaki enkulu kwi-DSM-5 yayisisigqibo. Imigaqo yokuhlangana ayihambelani ngokukhawuleza ukulungiselela ukuxilongwa. Wathi, "Oku kuya kufana nokudala iinkqubo zokuxilonga ezisekelwe kwintlungu yesifuba okanye umgangatho wefiva," oku kuthetha ukuba iimpawu zodwa azibonakali ukuba zikhetha ukhetho olungcono okanye unyango oluchanekileyo.
I-NIMH ikwinkqubo yokuphuhlisa iCandelo layo loPhando (RDoC) njengenye indlela eya kwi-DSM. Kuza kufumana iindlela ezintsha zokuhlenga iingxaki zengqondo ngokusekelwe kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha okubonakalayo kunye neenjongo ze-neurobiological.
Imithombo:
Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika. "Iziganeko ezinxulumene neziyobisi kunye neengxaki zoMlutha." Meyi 2013.
Edwards, AC, kunye al. "Uvavanyo lwe-DSM-5 I-Diagnosis ye-Alcohol Use Disorder kwi-Population-Informative Population." Utywala: Uphando lwezonyango kunye noPhando . 24 uJanuwari 2013.
Insel, T. "Ukuguqulwa kwesifo." ISiko leSizwe seMpilo yengqondo. 29 uEpreli 2013.
Ubambiswano kunye neDrugFree.org. "Abagxeki beMpilo Yengxaki Yengqondo Yengqondo Yithi Ingqondo Yengqondo Yokuba Ngaphezulu." Joyina kunye. 29 Matshi 2013.