Ekuqaleni-Setha ukusela ukuxhatshazwa kuLwabiwo lweMihlaba yoTywala
Ukusela kwangaphantsi kwee-intanethi kuye kwehla kwamanye amawaka eUnited States, kodwa kusekho okwaneleyo ukuba ibe yinkxalabo enkulu yempilo yoluntu.
Ukuphuza kwangaphantsi kwamanzi kwaqala ukuhla kwehla kuma-1980 xa iCongress yadlulisela uMthetho weSizwe oNcinci wokuNyulwa koTywala, owafuna amazwe ukuba akhulise iminyaka yokuthenga ngokomthetho kunye nokusela kotywala ngo-21 Oktobha 1986 okanye alahlekelwe ngu-10% wemali ye-federal roadway.
Ngowe-1988, bonke abangama-50 bathi kunye neSithili sase-Columbia samukele i-21 njengeminyaka yobudala bokuphuza, ukuhla kwehla ngokuthe ngcipheko kwizinga elingaphantsi kokusela kotywala phakathi kwabafundi be-8, 10 ne-12-bakala eqhubekayo namhlanje.
Ukunyamekela kokuNwa kwamanzi
Nangona kunjalo, ngo-2014 kaNgcaciso kaZwelonke malunga nokuSebenzisa iMichiza kunye neMpilo (i-NSDUH), ukuqikelelwa kwezigidi eziyi-865 zaseMelika ezineminyaka engama-12 ukuya kwe-20 zibalise ukuba babeselayo, bathetha ukuba ubuncinane besiselo esisodwa kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ezedlulileyo.
Abesilisa basalisela isiselo kunye nokuphuza imihla ngemihla ngaphezu kweengcitshi zezilwanyana, kodwa ulwahluko luyancipha. Abafundi abamhlophe babika amazinga aphezulu okusela, i-Hispanics ilandelayo kwaye abamnyama babika amaxabiso aphantsi.
Kwalaba bafundi abaneengxaki okanye abaye baphuma, i-80% ingxelo ingxelo yokuba sele itywele kwinyanga edlulileyo, okanye ixelwe ukusela, okanye ukusela nokuqhuba ukuqhuba ngeentsuku ezingama-30 ezedlulileyo.
UkuNwa nokuThuthukiswa kwabantwana
Kwabafundi abathile, ukusela utywala yinkinga yabo yokuziphatha kuphela, kodwa abanye, ukusela ukuhamba kunye nezinye iingxaki ezixhamene nokungahambisani, ukunyanzeliswa kunye nokufunwa kwezinto, ngokutsho kophando.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuxiliswa ngophuzo phakathi kwabafundi kulandela umzekelo wokuqala malunga no-13 ubudala, ukwandisa ngexesha lokukhula, ukunyuka ebuntwini abadala (iminyaka engama-18 ukuya kweye-22) kwaye ngokukhawuleza kwehla.
Nangona kunjalo, uphando lubone ukuba abantu abatsha abanyusela ukusela ngokwexesha eliphakathi kweminyaka engama-18 no-24 okanye abahlala besela ukutywala ubuncinane kanye ngeveki ngaloo minyaka bangase babe neengxaki kule mimandla elandelayo:
- Umtshato
- Ufikelelo lwezemfundo
- Ngqesho
- Ukuzimela kwemali
Izinto ezikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala
Kukho izinto ezininzi ezinokubangela isizathu sokuba abanye abaselula baqalise umzekelo wokusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala kunye nokuphuhliswa kokusetyenziswa kotywala xa abanye bengenzi. Nazi ezinye zezinto ezibalulekileyo zengozi:
Izinto zobungozi be-Genetic
Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba izinto zobomi zidlala indima kumntu osengozini ekuphuhliseni iingxaki zotywala . Siyazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba abantwana bazali abanxilisayo banako kakhulu ukuba banxilongo ngokwabo xa befaniswa nabantwana babazali abangenalo utywala.
Kodwa, imbali yentsapho yokusela utywala ayiyona yodwa inqununu. Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo idlala indima nokuba umntu uhlakulela ukusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa kwaye unokuhluka ngokubanzi kumntu kumntu.
Siyazi kwakhona ukuba ezinye iimpembelelo zendalo zincinci zinganciphisa iimpembelelo zofuzo kwaye zabangela ukuba abanye abantwana benxila bangaphuhlisi iingxaki zokusela.
Marker Markers
Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba amagagasi eengqondo ezibangelwa yimpendulo ethile ingenza umsebenzi wengqondo olinganiselayo onokuqikelela ingozi yokusela utywala . I-P300, ingqungquthela ethile yengqondo eyenzeka malunga ne-300 millisecond emva kwe-stimulus yokukhanya okanye isandi, yenye yeengqambela zengqondo ezisetyenziswa kwezi zifundo.
Ukuba umntu ubonisa umgangatho ophantsi we-P300 ubonisa umngcipheko ophezulu wokuphuhlisa utywala, ngokukodwa phakathi koonyana bootata abanxilisayo.
Izazinzulu zakwazi ukuqikelela ukusetyenziswa kotywala kunye nezinye izidakamizwa kumakhwenkwe angaphambi kweminyaka emine emva kweminyaka engama-16 ngokulinganisa ii-P300 zabo.
Ukuziphatha kwabantwana
Iipatheni zokuziphatha ekuqaleni kwasebuntwaneni nazo zifunyenwe ukuba ziqikelele iingxaki zokusela ezilandelayo. Kwiminyaka engama-3, abantwana ababekwa njengaba "ngaphantsi kolawulo" - abanomdla , abaphumliyo okanye abangakwazi ukuphazamiseka - babenokuphindwa kabili ukuba bafumane ukukhathazeka kokusetyenziswa kotywala kwi-21 ubudala xa kuthelekiswa nabantwana abaneminyaka engama-3 abachazwa ngokuthi "bavinjelwe" okanye " lungiswe. "
Abantwana abonakalisa ubugwenxa kwiminyaka engama-5 ukuya kwe-10 banako ukusetyenziswa kotywala kunye nezinye iziyobisi xa beselula.
Abantwana abonakalisa ukuziphatha okungahambisani neentlanga banokuthi babe neengxaki ezinxulumene notywala ngexesha lobuncinci kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala kokusetyenziswa kwabantu abadala, uphando lubonisa.
Izifo zengqondo
Ukusetyenziswa kotywala kunye neengxaki ezihlukahlukeneyo zengqondo ziye zadibaniswa nabantwana abaselula kunye nolutsha olutsha kwizifundo ezininzi zophando:
- Iintsholongwane ezithwala iziyobisi zinokuthi ziba neengxaki zokuziphatha.
- Abafana abaneminyaka engama-6 ukuya kwe-17 abanengxaki yokukhathazeka kwengxaki (ADHD) kunye nabanobudlelwane obuthakathaka bentlalontle babenokuba kakhulu banokukhathazeka ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala emva kweminyaka emine.
- Ama-freshmen aseKholeji abaneengxaki zokuxhalaba babedla ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala kotywala xa kuthelekiswa nabangenayo ingxaki yokuxhalabisa.
- Abafundi beKholeji abaneengxaki zokusela zihlandlo ezine ukuba banokukhathazeka okukhulu .
Ngokubambisana nemibandela echazwe ngasentla, kukho ubuninzi beemeko zengqondo ezandisa ingozi yabantwana abaselula abasenza isigqibo sokuqalisa ukuqala kokusetyenziswa kotywala:
Ukuzali, uLondolozo lweNtsapho kunye noontanga
Abazali yimpembelelo ebaluleke kakhulu kwisigqibo sabantwana babo sokubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi okanye cha. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba abazali abaselayo okanye abavakalisa isimo sengqondo esifanelekileyo malunga nokusela badibaniswa nabantwana babo abaqalisa ukusela utywala baze baqhubeke besela.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantwana abaye balumkiso malunga nobungozi bokusela utywala ngabazali babo abanamathuba okuqala okusela ukusela. Kwakunjalo kubantwana abavakalisa ukuba besondele kubazali babo.
Ukungabikho koqhagamshelwano ngabazali, inkxaso kunye nokubeka iliso ziye zadibaniswa ngabaphandi kwixesha lokusela, ukusela kakhulu , nokusela utywala phakathi kwabaselula. Uphando luye lwadibanisa inzondo yomzali, ukukhishwa kunye nokukhawuleza, ukuziphatha okungahambelaniyo nokuphuza abantwana kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene notywala.
Iintsholongwane ziyakuthi ziphuze xa iontanga zabo zisela , kodwa ngaphaya koko, nokuba oontanga bakho abonisa ukuthotyelwa kokusela kunokuchaphazela isigqibo somntwana sokuqalisa ukusetyenziswa kotywala.
Iimvavanyo ezintle zoTywala
Uphando lubonisa ukuba abantwana abaselula bayakwazi ukuqala ukusela xa bebe nethuba elihle malunga nokusela. Ezi zilindeleke ngokuqhelekileyo zikhula ngokweenqanaba kwaye ziyakwazi ukuxela kokuqala kokusela nokuphuza ingxaki phakathi kwabaselula.
Ingxaki yomntwana
Ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana kunye nezinye iziganeko ezibuhlungu nazo ziyimingcipheko yeengxaki zeengxilongo kamva kubutsha. Kwala bantwana abaselula abaphelisa unyango lokusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala kakubi, ukuxhaphazwa ngokwesondo, ukunyanzeliswa kobundlobongela kunye nokunyanzelisa ubundlobongela kuphezulu kunabo bonke abantu abaselula.
Ukuthelekiswa nokulawulwa kokufunda, iintsholongwane kwiinkqubo zonyango zonyango zi:
- Amaxesha angama-6 amathuba okuba asebenzise kakubi ngokomzimba
- Izihlandlo ezili-18 zenzeka ukuba zixhase ngokwesondo
- Kungenzeka ukuba ube nesifo sengxaki yokuxinwa kwengqondo emva kokuhamba
Abo babeselula baphathwa ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala basebenzisa i-PTSD ngamaxesha angama-10 ngelixa abo baphathwa ngokuxhomekeka kotywala kwakunezihlandlo ezili-13.
Utywala
Izifundo zeempembelelo zentengiso yotywala kubantwana ziye zafumanisa ukuba iintengiso ze-alcohol ziyakwandisa kakhulu ukulindela okulungileyo malunga notywala. Ukuthengiswa kotywala okujoliswe kubantwana abancinci kuye kwafunyanwa kukuchaphazela ukunyulwa kweentengiso zotywala kunye nokwandisa injongo yeselula yokusela njengabantu abadala.
Iziphumo zoLutsha lwaseNtshonalanga
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960 kunye neyokuqala kwee-1970, kwixesha lemfazwe yaseVietnam, amaninzi amaninzi awayeka ukuphuza ngokomthetho iminyaka engama-18. Ingcinga yezopolitiko yayingathi, "ukuba bekhulile ngokwaneleyo ukuba bayilwe kwaye balwe nelizwe labo, baneminyaka eyaneleyo yokusela . "
Umphumo wawusondele ngokukhawuleza. Ukufa kweendleko ezinxulumene notywala kwandiswe ngokukhawuleza. Ukufa kweNdlela ehamba phambili akukwenyuka nje kwiindawo apho uphuzo lomncinci lusezantsi, kodwa nakwiindawo eziphelezene nalawo mazwe.
Yilapho iCongress yangenelela kwaye yagunyaza iminyaka engama-21 yokusela ngokusemthethweni ngokusongela ukukhupha inkxaso-mali ye-federal road kumazwe awazange akhulise iminyaka yokusela.
Ubudala obuphezulu bokuphuza ngokomthetho ngokukhawuleza kwabangela ukunciphisa ukusela kwangaphantsi kunye nokunciphisa ukusela nokuqhuba kunye nokufa kweendlela ezinxulumene notywala.
Ubudala bokuphuza ngokomthetho ngokungathandabuzekiyo kwaba nomthelela kwezinye iindawo apho ukusela kwangaphantsi kunokubangela iingxaki, kuquka:
Indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo
Ukusela komntu ongaphantsi komzimba kuhlanganiswe kungekhona nje kuphela kwingozi yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kodwa ukwandisa ukusukela kwintlobano yesini. Iintsholongwane eziselayo zininzi zokulala ngesondo ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala eyi-16, baninzi ukulala ngesondo xa besela kwaye bancitshiswa kakhulu ukuba baxhatle ngesondo emva kokusela.
Ukuziphatha Kungozi kunye nokuxhatshazwa
Ukusetyenziswa kotywala phakathi kwe-8 kunye ne-10 ye-graders kufunyenwe ukunyusa kokubili ukuziphatha okubi kunye nokuxhatshazwa. Oku kunjalo ngokukodwa kubafundi be-8 bakala.
Ukukhulelwa kunye nokukhula kweThambo
Ukuba uphando olwenziwa kwizilwanyana zebhoratri lubonisa, ukusetyenziswa kotywala obunzima kubantwana banokubambezela ukutshatshulwa, ukuphuculwa kwethambo, kwaye kubangele amathambo athathaka.
Ukuthintela ukuNwa kweNkcenkceshe kubalulekile
Iziphumo eziliqela ziye zafumanisa ukuba ukusela ngokukhawuleza ukuxiliswa kuhlanganiswe nomngcipheko weengxaki zokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi emva kwexesha lobomi. Ekuqaleni umntwana uqala ukusela utywala, iinjongo eziza kubhekana nazo xa ekhulile, kungekhona nje ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kodwa ngokudibanisa injongo ebalulekileyo yokuphila njengemfundo kunye nemisebenzi.
Ngako oko, kubalulekile kubazali - kunye noluntu-ukwenza konke okusemandleni ukukhusela ukuqaliswa kokusela komntwana. Imithetho kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo iya kusebenza kuphela ngoku, umsebenzi wangempela uqala ekhaya ngaphakathi kwintsapho.
Imithombo:
Ulawulo lwezoKhuseleko lweSiThutho kaZwelonke. "Ubomi Ogcinwe ngo-2008 ngoThibelo loTywala kunye neMithetho engaphantsi yoTywala." Juni 2009.
Ulawulo lwezoKhuseleko lweSiThutho kaZwelonke. "IiNkcazo zoKhuseleko zeMoto 2008: Abaqhubi abancinci." 2009.
ISizwe lesiZwe malunga nokuTywala kotywala nokuNxila. "Ukusela Ubutsha: Izinto Zingozi Neempembelelo." Utywala luyazisola ngoJulayi 1997
UJohnston, uLD, O'Malley, PM, uBachman, JG, & Schulenberg, JE Ukuqwalasela i-future survey yelizwe ekusebenziseni iziyobisi, ngo-1975-2012. Umqulu I: Abafundi besikolo sasekondari. IBethesda, MD: ISiko leSizwe ekuDlwenguleni izidakamizwa, ngo-2012.
I-Shults, uRuth, et al. " Iingxelo zoBungqina malunga nokuNcedisa ukuNciphisa utywala-Ukungahambi kakuhle ." Umbhalo waseMelika weMithi yoKhusela ngo- 2001