"Amanyathelo okutshintsha" okanye "imodeli" yindlela yokuchaza indlela abantu abayichitha ngayo umlutha. Izigaba zenguqu zingasetyenziselwa uluhlu lwezinye iimpawu abantu abafuna ukutshintsha, kodwa kunzima ukwenza njalo, kodwa kubonakala kakuhle kakhulu kwimpumelelo yayo ekuphatheni abantu abanezilungo. Kwaveliswa uphando olubhekiselele kwindlela utshintsho olwenzeka ngayo "ukuphulukana kwemvelo" kwiinkqubo ezibangelwa ukunyanzeliswa kwaye uye wamkelwa ngokuthethelela kwiindlela zokulwa kunye neengxaki, ngokubhekiselele kwiinkqubo ezithintekayo kunye nezomntu, ezifana nokuthandabuzwa kweengxoxo .
1 - Umzekelo wokulwa nokuLungiswa komlingo
Kukho izigaba ezine eziphambili: ukucatshangelwa kwangaphambili, ukucamngca, ukulungiselela, kunye nento. Amanqanaba athile okulondolozwa kunye nokuphindaphindiwe ngamanye amaxesha afakwa.
Ezi zigaba zinokumelwa njengomjikelo, kwaye kucetyiswa ukuba abantu bahambe ezi zigaba ngokulandelelana. Enyanisweni, abantu banokungxuma phakathi kweesigaba, babuyele emuva baze phambili, baze bafumane kwisigaba esinye kwisinye. Kodwa imodeli elandelelanayo inikeza indlela efanelekileyo yokuqonda inkqubo yenguqu, kwaye inika isakhiwo kwindlela ukutshintsha ngayo ekuziphatheni komlingo kunokukhuthazwa nokulawulwa.
2 - I-Pre -emplation Stage
Ukuxhomekeka kokuqala kuyisigaba sokuqala "kwiinqanaba zenguqu" okanye "imodeli" yendlela yokulutha kunye nokuguquka kokuziphatha.
Xa abantu besesigxina sokucubungula kwangaphambili, abaqhelekanga ukuba ukuziphatha kwabo kuyinkinga. Oku kunokuba kuba bengakhange bafumane nemiphumo emibi yokuziphatha kwabo, okanye kungaba ngumphumo wokukhanyela ukungabi nantoni okanye ubunzima bemiphumo abaye bahlangabezana nayo.
Xa abantu bephambi kokucatshangelwa kwangaphambili, bahlala bengathandeki ukuva malunga nemiphumo emibi okanye iingcebiso zokuyeka umlutha wabo. Ngokuqhelekileyo bafumana ukuziphatha kwabo umlutha njengamava amnandi okanye amnandi kweli nqanaba.
Nangona kunjalo, imiphumo emibi ekugqithiseni ekugqithiseni abantu ababandakanyekayo ekuziphatheni okubi, mhlawumbi ngenxa yoluhlu lokuhlawula umxhatshazo (oko, ngentca, kuthintela kwezinye iindawo zobomi), okanye ngenxa yeziphumo ezimbi ngenxa yeso sihlandlo esisodwa ukubandakanya ukuziphatha kakubi. Le miphumo emibi ingashukumisela umntu kumgangatho "wokucamngca".
I-3 - I-Contemplation Stage
Igama lokucamngca lithetha ngokuqwalasela okanye ucinge ngento ethile. Kwimiqathango ye "zigaba zokutshintsha" imodeli yokuxilonga nokuguquka kokuziphatha, ukucamngca ngokubhekiselele kwinqanaba apho umntu ochaphazelekayo ekuziphatheni komlingo eqala ukucinga ngokutshintsha, ukusika, ukunciphisa okanye ukuyeka ukuziphatha komlutha.
Kwinqanaba lotshintsho okanye imodeli ye-transtheoretical, isigaba sokucinga sihluke kwisigaba sokulungiselela okanye isigaba sokunyusa, ngoko ke umntu ekucingeni ngokubanzi uvulelekile ukufumanisa ulwazi malunga nemiphumo enokwenzeka yokuziphatha kwabo. Bavumelekile ukuba bafunde ngezicwangciso ezahlukeneyo zokulawula okanye ukuyeka ukuziphatha kakubi, ngaphandle kokuya kwindlela ethile okanye nokuba wenze utshintsho.
Abantu abanezidakamizwa bangaba kwiinkalo zokucinga ngeminyaka emininzi. Baya kuqhubela phambili kwisigaba esilandelayo, isigaba sokulungiselela, okanye basenokubuyela kwisigaba sokuqala. Abahlolisisi bazuza ngokunjalo kwiindlela ezingenakugweba ulwazi kunye nokukhuthaza abantu ukuba bakhuthaze utshintsho (kunokuba iindlela zokujongana nazo). Ukuqwalaselwa kwesigqibo kugqiba ngesigqibo sokutshintsha ukuziphatha komlutha.
4 - I-Stage Yokulungiselela
Isigaba sokulungiselela amanyathelo okutshintshwa (imodeli ye-transtheoretical) ithetha umntu uye waqhubela phambili ukucwangcisa nokulungiselela ukwenza utshintsho abacatshangelwe. Ngomlutha weziyobisi, ukulungiswa okucokisekileyo kunye nokucamngca kungabalulekile ekuphumeleleni.
Imizekelo yeentlobo zezinto umntu angazicwangcisa, enze okanye azigqibelele malunga nexesha lokulungiselela zibandakanya:
- Uhlobo lotshintsho olwenziweyo : Ngaba uzimisele ukunciphisa, ukunciphisa ingozi okanye ukuyeka ngokupheleleyo?
- Indlela yokwenza utshintsho : Ngokomzekelo, ukuba unenjongo yokunciphisa ukubhema ugwayi, kufuneka unciphise kangakanani ukutshaya?
- Ukufumana izixhobo eziyimfuneko : Ngokomzekelo, ukuba unenjongo yokusebenzisa ii-nicotine patches, uya kufuna ukuphanda uhlobo olufanelekileyo kakhulu lwe-patch, xubusha nodokotela wakho i-dose efanelekileyo kakhulu (abantu abaninzi abasebenzisi i-patches ezinamandla, baze baqukumbela ); kwaye empeleni, kuthengwa iimpahla zokurhweba. Ukuba injongo yakho kukunciphisa ingozi yokudluliselwa kwe-STD, kuya kufuneka uzuze okanye ufumane iimveliso zeikhondom.
- Ukuphelisa izinto ezibangelwayo : Izinto ezikhumbuzayo zikhumbuza umlutha wakho obangela ukuba unqwenele ukwenza ukuba kunzima ukuba ulwa nokubuyela kumzila wakho wokulutha. Iingxaki zingabandakanya ukugqithiswa kweziyobisi okanye izixhobo zeziyobisi ngenxa yomsebenzisi weziyobisi; iibhotile zotywala kotywala; i-ashtrays kunye ne-lighters kumntu otshaya; Uonografi kumntu onomdla wezesondo. Ukuyeka ukuhamba kwezi zikhumbuzo kunokuba yinkqubo enzima ngokwayo, kodwa ukuhamba kwinkqubo kunzima ukwenza isigqibo sakho sokunqoba umlutha wakho ngeli xesha.
- Ukubeka inkxaso kwindawo : Inkxaso ingaquka zonke iintlobo zenkxaso yentlalo, ukuxelela abahlobo kunye nosapho abafuna ukuba unqobe umlutha wakho wokubamba indawo kwi-detox kunye / okanye kwisiko lonyango, ukufumana iqela lokuxhasa. Unokukunceda ukuzisa abahlobo bakho bokulutha (abanye abasebenzisi beziyobisi, abaphuzayo, njl njl. Njl.) Zezicwangciso zakho, ubacele ukuba bahloniphe inkqubo yakho kwaye bangabandakanyeki ekuziphatheni okukufutshane nawe.
Kukho ezinye iilungiselelo ezininzi ezifunekayo kwimeko enje, njengokufumana indawo ecocekileyo, ekhuselekileyo ukuqala ubomi bakho obutsha . Ukuba udinga uncedo kumcebisi okanye unontlalontle, eli lixesha lokufumana. Kwakhona unokukwazi ukukunceda namanye amalungiselelo.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbuza ukuba ungagqithisi isigaba sokulungiselela. Kuya kubakho bonke abantu. Kwabanye abantu, njengabo abo iintsapho kunye nabahlobo babo bebacela ukuba bayeke iminyaka, yonke inkxaso efunekayo inokufumaneka lula. Kwabanye, njengalezo ezishiya urhwebo lwezesondo, indawo entsha kunye nobunikazi kunokufuneka.
Emva kokuba kwenziwe amalungiselelo afanelekileyo, umntu ulungele ukufudukela kwisigaba sokunyathela.
5 - I-Action Stage
Isigaba sokunyusa sigxininiso kubantu abaninzi abazama ukunqoba umlutha. Leli nqanaba apho utshintsho lwangempela-ukuguquka kokuziphatha - luqala ukuqhubeka. Isigaba sinyathelo sisoloko sigxininisekile, kodwa ngokulungelelanisa, sinokubakho ixesha elivuyisa elinika indlela yokukhetha ezintsha.
Kubantu abaninzi, isigaba sokuthatha isinyathelo siqala kwi-detox okanye kwisiko lonyango, apho kukho abaqeqeshiweyo abaqeqeshiweyo kwisayithi ukukuxhasa kwiinqanaba zokuqala zokuyeka umlutha. Kwabanye, ngokukodwa abo baneenjongo zabo zokuzithethelela okanye ukulawula ukuziphatha (kunokushiya ngokupheleleyo), kunokufana nobomi bakho obuqhelekileyo, kodwa ngokubambelela okukhulu kwaye mhlawumbi imfuneko enkulu yokuxhasa kunye nezinye iindlela zokujamelana noxinzelelo .
Ngokuxhomekeke kwiinjongo ozibekayo kwisigaba sokucinga, kunye nezicwangciso ozenzileyo kwinqanaba lokulungiselela, isigaba senzosi sinokuthi senzeke kumanyathelo amancinci, ngokuthe ngcembe, okanye nokuba yinto epheleleyo yokuguqula ubomi. Kungaba yinto engaqhelekanga kwaye ingenanto yokuphila ubomi ngaphandle komdlalo wexilongo yakho. Kuthatha ixesha lokuba usebenzise ubomi ngaphandle komlutha, nokuba ngaba inkxaso yakho kunye nezinye iindlela zokuhlangabezana nazo zilungile.
Ukuchonga nokuphuhlisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokujamelana nokuxinezeleka kubalulekile ngexesha lokuthatha isinyathelo. Oku kuya kukuvumela ukuba uqhubele phambili kwinqanaba lokugcinwa, ngaphandle kokufumana isantya sokubuya.
6 - Isigaba sokuSondlo
Isigaba sokugcina se-Prochaska neDiClemente soluhlu oluthile lokutshintsha lujoliswe ekuqhubekeni ukufezekisa inkqubela phambili eyaqala kwinqanaba lesenzo. Kubantu abanemilutha, oku kuthetha ukuxhasa iinjongo ezenziwe ngexesha lokulungiselela kunye neendlela zokuziphatha eziqaliswe kwisigaba sinyathelo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kuya kuthetha ukuhlala ungenalo utywala okanye iziyobisi, ukugcina izinga elincinci lokuziphatha kakubi, ukunamathela kwimida ebekwayo-njengokulandela icebo lokuchitha ukugembula okanye ukuthengiswa kwezinto zokuthengisa okanye ukuqhubeka nokuphucula iinjongo zokunciphisa iingozi, ezifana nokuzikhusela ngesondo.
Isigaba sokugcina sinzima kakhulu emva kokuba ixesha lidlulileyo kwaye ugxininiso ekufinyeleleni umgomo lulahlekelwe ngamandla. Abantu banokungakhathazeki ngeli nqanaba, kwaye bangase baqale ukucinga ukuba ukulahleka okuncinci akuyi kuba nokwahlukana kwangempela.
Isondlo sinokukunzima xa uxinzelelo lobomi lufumene nawe kunye neminyaka endala, iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuxhatshazwa - usebenzisa ukuziphatha okuluthayo-ukuphindaphinda. Yingakho kubalulekile ukufunda iindlela ezintsha zokujamelana noxinzelelo ngexesha lesigaba sokunyusa ukuze ezinye izicwangciso zifumaneke kuwe ngexesha lokulondoloza.
Nangona abantu abaninzi baphumelela ekuzikhumbuleni ukuziphatha kakubi, ukusela ukusetyenziswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, kunye nokumodareyitha kwezinye iindlela zokuziphatha kakubi, ukuphindaphinda kuqhelekile. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, "ukuphindaphinda" ngamanye amaxesha kubandakanywa njengesiteji ngaphakathi kwinqanaba lokutshintsha imodeli.
7 - I-Relapse Stage
Isihlandlo sokuphindaphinda ngamanye amaxesha kubandakanywa kwiinqanaba zenguqu yokutshintsha, ekuqapheliseni ukuba umntu unokufumana ezinye okanye ezininzi ezincinane, okanye ziphinde zibuyele - amaxesha apho ukuziphatha komlutha kuthathwa kwakhona - ngaphambi kokugcinwa kwesondlo. Enyanisweni, isiphumo senkqubo yenguqu iphezulu kakhulu - abanye abantu bayakwazi ukulungelelanisa ukusela , ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi okanye ukuziphatha kakubi ngaphandle kokuba ngumlutha. Kwabanye, ukuziyeka kukuba yindlela kuphela umntu ayenayo yokugcina umlutha wakhe phantsi kolawulo. Ngamanye amaxesha kulandela emva kokuphindaphindiweyo kwelokuba umntu ufumanisa ukuba yintoni eyoyilungisa kwi-addiction.
> Imithombo:
> Hartney, E., Orford, J., Dalton, S., uFerrins-Brown, M., Kerr, C. & Maslin, J. "Abangenakunxila abaPhuzekileyo: Isifundo sokuQinisekisa nokuQinisekisa ukuThomba nokuLungela ukuTshintsha." Uluhlu loPhando kunye neTheory, 11: 317-337. 2003.
> Prochaska, J., Velicer, W., Redding, C., Rossi, J., Goldstein, M., DePue, J., Greene, G., Rossi, S., Sun, X, Fava, J. , ILaforge, R., Rakowski, W. & Plummer, B. "Iinkqubo zengcali ezisekelwe kwiinkqubo zokukhokela izigulane zokunyamekela izigulana zokuyeka ukutshaya, ukutya ukutya okunempilo, ukuthintela umdlavuza wesikhumba, kwaye ufumane imitholampilo ehlala rhoqo." I-Medicine eVimbelayo, 41: 406-416. 2005.
> Segana, C., eBorlanda, R. & Greenwood, K. "Ngaba iimodeli zengqondo zengqiqo zingalindeleke ukuba ziphinde zibuyele kwisenzo sokutshintsha phakathi kwabokutshaya abayeke emva kokubiza i-stopline?" Umlutha Behav. 31: 414-428. 2006.
> Velicer, WF, Hughes, SL, Fava, JL, Prochaska, JO & DiClemente, CC "Inkcazo yezobugcisa zezifundo ngaphakathi kwinqanaba lokutshintsha." Umlutha Behav. 20: 299-320. 1995.