Ingqwalasela ye-ADHD
Ukunqongophala kwengxaki yokuxhatshazwa kweengxaki (ADHD) yinkinga ye-neurodevelopmental disorder. Iimpawu eziphambili zikunzima ukulawula kunye nokulawula iimpembelelo kunye nokunyanzelisa.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-ADHD ikhula ebuntwaneni, nangona kungenakuthi ifunyanwe de kube yinkomfa ebomini. Iyaqhubeka iselula kwaye ikhulile. I-ADH ichaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi, kuquka ukuphumelela esikolweni nasemsebenzini, ubudlelwane, impilo kunye nemali.
Kwakhona neendleko zomzwelo, njengabantu abaninzi abane-ADHD bava neentloni ezide kunye nomqondo wokuhluleka njengoko balwa nemisebenzi yemihla ngemihla abanye abantu babonakala bengenzi nantoni.
Nangona kunjalo, iindaba ezilungileyo i-ADHD inokuphathwa ngempumelelo kwaye ilawulwe ngempumelelo.
Iimpawu ze-ADHD
I-Manual Diagnostic and Statistical of Disabled Disorders, i-5th edition, (DSM-5) ichaza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-ADHD. Zezi:
- ngathathi
- ukungahambi kakuhle
- idibeneyo (apho kungabikho kokungafanelekanga kunye nokunyanzeliswa-ukungafuneki)
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, le ntlobo zabizwa ngokuba yi "ADHD subtypes". Ngoku babizwa ngokuthi "iintetho." Ngokomzekelo, umntu unokufumanisa ukuba unengxaki yokukhathazeka kwengxaki yokuxhatshazwa komzimba, ukuboniswa okuhlangeneyo.
Iimpawu ze-ADD azifani. Umntu ngamnye ufumana iimpawu ze-ADH ezahlukeneyo kunye namazinga ahlukeneyo.
Nolu uluhlu lweempawu zentetho engenakulinganiswa . Abantu abanolu hlobo lwentetho ye-ADHD:
- kukufumanisa kunzima ukuhlawula ingqalelo kwinto eyenzekayo kwimeko. Ngokomzekelo, banokuba neengxaki zokuphulaphula oko kuchazwa kwiklasi, kwintlanganiso yomsebenzi, okanye ngexesha lokuthetha nabahlobo.
- kubonakala kulula ukuphazamiseka kwaye kunzima ukwenza imisebenzi ukususela ekuqaleni
- kunzima ukuphulaphula imiyalelo kwaye ulandele kuyo
- bahlala begxeka ngenxa yokwenza iimpazamo ezingakhathali, njengoko kubonakala ngathi abazami
- xhathisa imisebenzi efuna ukunyamekela ingqondo
- ufumana ukulungelelaniswa kakhulu
- zihlala zilahlekelwa izinto, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zibiza kangakanani (iifowuni) okanye zibalulekileyo (iipassports)
- ayibonakali ukuphulaphula xa uthethwa kuyo, unokubonakala ekhohlakele kwaye abuke ngaphandle kwefestile okanye ukhangele ixesha
- zivame ukubonakala zihamba phambili okanye kwihlabathi labo
Nalu uluhlu lweempawu zesichengiso esichengileyo / esichukumisayo . Abantu abanolu hlobo lwentetho ye-ADHD:
- soloko ehamba kwaye "ekuhambeni"
- kufumaneka ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuhlala esihlalweni, nokuba xa uhleli phantsi kulindeleke kuluntu njengakwiklasini okanye kwindiza
- Uza kuthinta iinyawo okanye i-fidget okanye udibanise xa uhleli
- ziya kuhamba kwaye zikhwele ukuze zitshise amandla. Abantu abadala bangaba nomdla wokuzivocavoca ngamandla okanye imidlalo embi kakhulu.
- kulukhuni kunzima ukutshintshana, ulinde kumgca, okanye uqhutywe kwi-traffic
- ukuphazanyiswa xa abanye abantu bethetha, kwaye udibanise kwimidlalo kunye nengxoxo
- phendula imibuzo ngaphambi kokuba ibuzwe ngokugcwele, kwaye igqibe izivakalisi zabanye abantu
- ukwenza izigqibo ezingenangqondo ngaphandle kokucinga ngemiphumo. Oku ngamanye amaxesha kunokuba yingozi okanye yingozi kwabanye.
- ukukhawuleza ngemisebenzi, kaninzi ukwenza iimpazamo kuba uziva ungakhululekile ukwenza lo msebenzi ngokucothayo nangokucwangcisekileyo
Iimpawu ziyakutshintsha ngokudala, njengoko umntu ehlakulela izicwangciso zokuxhatshazwa kwaye unenkululeko enkulu yokudala imimandla ehambelana naye. Ngokomzekelo, inkwenkwe eneminyaka engama-7 ingaba nzima ukuhlala ehlala kwiklasi. Xa ekhulile, unokuhlakulela iindlela zokujonga ngaphandle kodwa kuba oko kulindeleke. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphakathi kwakhe uziva ekhululekile. Unokukhetha umsebenzi apho uhleli edeskini akudingeki ixesha elide, ngoko iimpawu zakhe ze-ADHD azibonakali.
Iimpawu ze-ADD zikwabonakala zihluke phakathi kwamadoda.
Inkwenkwana enomdla ingase idlule kwisitrato ngaphandle kokukhangela i-traffic, ngelixa intombazana inokuba yintetho kwaye ihlale iphazamise abanye.
Yintoni ebangela i-ADHD?
Ngona nto ebaluleke kakhulu ye-ADHD yi-gene. Uphando kunye nezifundo malunga neentsapho, amawele, kunye nabantwana abamkelweyo baye banceda ekuqondeni kwethu malunga nemfuza ye-ADHD.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umzali une-ADHD, akuthethi ukuba umntwana wakhe uya kuzuza i- ADHD.
Ukutya iswekile kakhulu, ukuphendulwa kwemizwa, ukubukela umabonwakude, ukudlala imidlalo yevidiyo, ukukhulisa abantwana ababi, okanye ukungabikho kokuqeqeshwa akubanga i- ADHD.
Ukuxilongwa novavanyo
Indlela echanekileyo yokufumana uvavanyo lwe-ADHD kukuba uvavanyo olunzulu olwenziwe ngunyango onolwazi. Kukho mhlawumbi umahluko phakathi ngubani onikwe ilayisenisi kwaye ufanelekile ukwenza isifo se-ADHD; nangona kunjalo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngabagula ngengqondo, izazi zengqondo, izazi ze-neurologists kunye nabanye oogqirha beentsapho abaqhuba iimvavanyo.
Akukho uvavanyo oluchanekileyo, njengolu vavanyo lwegazi, ukubona ukuba unayo i-ADHD.
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Abazali abaninzi banenkxalabo malunga nelifa labo le-ADHD
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Yintoni ejongene neNgcembelelo yokuThatyalaliswa ngaphandle kokungasebenzi?
Kunoko, uvavanyo luyenziwa. Oku kuquka iinkalo ezininzi njengoko iingcali ziqulunqa ulwazi malunga nawe kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo. Ulwazi luqokelelwe kwiirekhodi zezokwelapha kunye nezikolo, udliwano-ndlebe nabazali kunye nemibuzo. Imemori yakho yokusebenza kunye neminye imisebenzi yokuqonda ingavanywa. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukujonga ukuba iimpawu zakho azibangelwa kwenye imeko, njengoko ezinye iimeko zenzeka ngexesha elifanayo njenge-ADHD. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, unako ukuhlolwe ukukhubazeka kokufunda.
Uvavanyo lunokuthatha iiyure eziliqela. Ngokuqhelekileyo isasazeka ngaphezu kokuqeshwa omnye. Ngethuba lokuvavanya, ootitshala bezempilo baya kugqiba ukuba uhlangabezana neempendulo ze-ADHD ezichazwe kwi-DSM-5. Esi sisisombululo esisemthethweni sokuxilonga esasetyenziswa eMelika.
Ekupheleni kwenkqubo, uya kukwazi ukuba unayo i-ADHD. Uya kwazisa nokuba uneminye imimiselo okanye ukukhubazeka kokufunda.
Iimeko zokuXubusha
I-ADH idla ikhona kunye nezinye iimeko. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba yiimeko ezixhamlayo okanye ezikhoyo . Le miqathango inokufumana iimpawu ezifanayo kwi-ADHD kwaye ikwazi ukumisa ubungqina bayo. Kubalulekile ukuchonga nokuphatha nganye imeko ukuze wena (okanye umntwana wakho) ufumane ukukhulula kwiimpawu zesifo ngasinye. Kukho iimeko ezininzi. Nazi ezintandathu eziqhelekileyo:
- izixhala
- isifo sengqondo, njengengxaki yokudandatheka okanye ye-bipolar
- ingxaki yokufunda, efana nedyslexia
- ingxaki yokulala
- ingxaki yokuchasana
- ngxaki ye autism
Ulawulo kunye neNyango
Emva kokuxilongwa kwe-ADHD kwenziwe, unyango nolawulo lwe-ADHD luya kuqala. Abantu bacinga ngokucoca unyango njengamayeza. Nangona kunjalo, unyango lwe-ADHD lukhulu kakhulu kunemithi yonyango. Ingabandakanya izakhono zobomi, unyango, kunye nokuhlala esikolweni okanye emsebenzini. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezi ndlela zonyango ngokuqhelekileyo kuyindlela efanelekileyo kakhulu yokulawula iimpawu ze-ADHD.
Amachiza
Kubantwana abaninzi kunye nabantu abadala, imishishini iyimfuneko ebalulekileyo yesicwangciso sonyango. Sebenza ngokusondeleyo kunye nogqirha wakho ukuze ufumane uhlobo olufanelekileyo lweyeza kunye nomlinganiselo wokunyanga wena okanye umntwana wakho.
Zakhono zoBomi
Izakhono zokufunda ukunceda ngeempawu ze-ADHD zinceda kakhulu. Umzekelo, ukufunda indlela yokusebenzisa isicwangciso somhla kunokunceda umntu omdala ukuba asebenze izabelo zomsebenzi okanye umntwana azinikezele kwizabelo zesikolo ngexesha. Izakhono zobomi bokufunda ezinjengalezi zinokubonakala zilula kodwa zinokuba nomthelela omkhulu kumgangatho wobomi.
Indawo yokuhlala
Abafundi bavunyelwe ukuba bahlale kwiindawo zokubanceda bakwazi ukufumana amabakala abakwazi ukufikelela kuwo. Umzekelo, omnye umntu unako ukuthatha amanqaku kumfundi eklasini, kwaye igumbi elithulileyo linokunikezwa ukuba ubhale iimviwo. Endaweni yomsebenzi, kunokufumaneka indawo yokuhlala exhasa abasebenzi emsebenzini wabo.
LeMfundo
Imfundo malunga ne-ADHD ibalulekileyo. I-ADDD ulwazi luvela kwimithombo esemthethweni njengogqirha kunye nabaqeqeshi, kunye nemithombo engafanelekanga njengamawebhusayithi, iincwadi kunye neepodcasts. Ukufunda malunga ne-ADHD kukunceda ukuba uqonde imeko kunye nendlela echaphazela ngayo wena okanye umntwana wakho.
Ukucebisa
Ukucebisa okanye unyango lunceda ukujongana nemiba yokuzithemba, ukuxinezeleka, uxinzelelo, okanye imiba enxulumene nolwalamano enokuthi ibangelwe kwi-ADHD.
Ngenxa yokuba imingeni emitsha iyakwenzeka kwinqanaba lokuphuhlisa ngalinye kunye nesigaba sokuphila, ukhetho oluthile luya kuba luncedo kakhulu kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo. Vula ukuvulela unyango kwiimfuno zakho eziguqukayo. Uhlengahlengiso kunye nokwehliswa kwezinto eziqhelekileyo!
INGABENZA I-ADHD I-Disorder Today?
Abanye abantu bayazibuza ukuba i-ADH imimiselo entsha, mhlawumbi ibangelwa ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza kobomi banamhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, i-ADHD ayiyona ingxaki yanamhlanje. Kuye kubhaliwe malunga neencwadi kunye neencwadi zonyango iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100. Yintoni elitsha igama, i-ADHD. Kule minyaka, enye imeko ibizwa ngokuba ngamagama ahlukeneyo.
Ngo-1845, uDkt. Heinrich Hoffman wachaza i-ADHD kwincwadi ebizwa ngokuba yi -Story of Fidgety Philip . Ngowe-1902, uSir George F. Njalo wabhala inkcazo yokuqala yekliniki malunga neqela labantwana ababonisa ingxaki kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha. Wabiza le meko "inkunkuma yokuziphatha." Ngama-1950, i-ADHD ibizwa ngokuba "ngengxaki yokuxhamla."
Yintoni eyahlukileyo phakathi kwe-ADHD ne-ADD?
Abantu badla ngokudideka kunye ne- ADD ne-ADHD . Zizo zombini zi-acronyms ezifanayo. Imeko esiyibiza ngokuba yi-ADHD inegama elininzi kwiminyaka eyi-100 edlulileyo. Njengoko uphando oluninzi lwenziwa kwaye ukuqonda kwethu kwimeko kukhula, igama elisemthethweni litshintsha ukubonisa olu lwazi olutsha. I-ADD isetyenzisiwe ukususela ngo-1980 ukuya ku-1987, ukuchaza oko sikubiza ngokuba ngu-ADHD. Nangona kunjalo, abanye abalobi kunye noogqirha basasebenzisa i-ADD xa bebhekisela kwi-ADHD engayithobeliyo, okanye sebenzisa i-ADD kunye ne-ADHD ngokungafaniyo.
Abadala
I-ADHD isetyenziswe ukuba ithathwa njengemeko yokuba abantwana "baya kukhula." Ngoku siyazi ukuba i-ADHD ichitha ixesha lobomi. Iimpawu ziyakwazi ukutshintsha ngobudala. Ngokomzekelo, ukunyaniseka kungancipha. Abantu nabo bahlakulela izicwangciso eziqaphelekileyo zokuzilawula iimpawu zabo. Nangona kunjalo, i-ADHD iyaqhubeka ikhona, kwaye unyango oluqhubekayo kunye nokulawula kuyadingeka.
Abantu abaninzi baqala ukuxilongwa nge-ADHD njengabantu abadala . Ngamanye amaxesha oku kwenzekayo xa umntwana efunyaniswa ukuba ene-ADHD, kwaye bazibona ngokwabo ngexesha loxilongo. Abanye abantu abadala baye baziva behluke kwiontanga zabo kwaye ekugqibeleni bafumane ukufumana uncedo emva kwesiganeko esicinezelekileyo.
Amantombazana kunye nabasetyhini
I-ADHD isetyenziswe ukucingelwa njengento abantwana abayenayo, kodwa abantu abadala abazange benze. Ngendlela efanayo, i-ADHD yacatshangwa nje ngokuba yindoda yendoda kunokuba yimeko yokuba amabhinqa nawo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, amantombazana akwazi ukuba ne-ADHD engayithobeliyo, yenye yezona zizathu zokuba i-ADHD yabo ingabonakali ebuntwaneni. Kulula kakhulu ukuqaphela inkwenkwe engaxhatshaziyo kunokuba intombazana ehamba phambili. Ngokomlando, amabhinqa aye afuna uncedo xa bekhulile babedla ngokungaqondi kakuhle ngokuxhalaba okanye ukuxinezeleka.
Ngenxa yokuqwashisa malunga ne-ADHD, amanye amantombazana nabasetyhini baxilongwa ngokuchanekileyo, oko kuthetha ukuba banokufumana unyango olufanelekileyo lweempawu zabo.
Abafazi abane-ADHD bajamelana nemingeni eminye. Ukutshintsha kwama-hormone abafazi bafumana kuwo ubomi babo, ukususela ekufikeni, ukukhulelwa kunye nokuyeka, kunye nokutshintshwa kwenyanga, kungenza iimpawu ze-ADHD zibe zibi nakakhulu.
Imithombo:
> I-American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Incwadana yokuxilonga kunye neenkcukacha zeengxaki zeengqondo (5th ed.). EWashington, DC.
Treuer T, Gau SS, Mendez L, et al. UkuHlola okuHlanganisiweyo kweNyango yokuXhatshazwa kunye ne-Atomoxetine yeNkcazo-Ukusilahla / ukuxhatshazwa kwemiba, kuquka iMpawu zoMonde, amaCandelo okuPhatha, ukuPhumelela, kunye nokunyanzeliswa. Umbhalo we-Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology . 2013; 23: 179-193.