Ukujonga ngokugqithiseleyo iMfundiso yeNtsomi neyeMbali ngenxa yeNgxaki
Nangona i-DSM-5 yangoku ayisayihlula ukuphazamiseka komntu kunye ne "axis", i-narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) isabonwa njengento ebalulekileyo. Kubonakaliswe iimpawu ezibandakanya i-grandiosity, ingqiqo yokuzixabisa, kunye nokungabi nzovelwano kwabanye. Njengazinye iintlobo zokuphazamiseka komntu, ukuphazamiseka komntu we-narcissistic kuququzelele umzekelo wendlela yokuziphatha kwexesha elide kunye neengcinga ezibangela iingxaki kwiindawo ezininzi zobomi, kubandakanya umsebenzi, usapho kunye nobuhlobo.
Kulinganiselwa ukuba ipesenti enye yabantu base-US bacingelwa ukuba babe ne-NPD, nangona amaninzi amanxulumane omtshato, abazali, abantwana, amalungu omndeni, abasebenzi kunye kunye nabahlobo bacingelwa ukuba bachaphazeleka ngokuthe ngqo nale ngxaki.
Ukutyhila i-Origins of Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Nangona i-narcissism ibuyela emva kweeminyaka zeminyaka, i-narcissistic personality disorder yaba yinto ebonakalayo kwisifo kwiminyaka engama-50 edluleyo. Ukuze kuqondwe kangcono indlela izazi zeengqondo kunye nabaphandi bajonga ngayo i-NPD, kubalulekile ukujonga ngokuthe ngqo ukuba le ndlu yesifo iba njani.
I-Freud ne-Psychoanalytic View of Narcissism
I-Narcissistic personality disorder inezimpembelelo zakudala kwiimbali zamandulo zamaGrike. Ngokweengcamango, uNarcissus wayeyindoda enhle nekratshi. Emva kokubona ukucamngca kwakhe kumanzi okokuqala, wavuya kangangokuthi wayengenakuyeka ukukhangela umfanekiso wakhe.
Wahlala emanzini aze agqitywe ekufeni.
Iingcamango zokuziqhenya ngokugqithiseleyo ziye zaphandwa ngabalingcali befilosofi abahlukahlukeneyo kunye nemibono kwimbali. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, le ngcamango yaziwa ngokuba yi-hubris, imeko yokuzikhukhumeza nokuzikhukhumeza okuqhelekileyo kubandakanya ukungabikho kokuthintana nenyaniso.
Kwakungekho kude kube kutshanje ukuba ingcamango ye-narcissism njengesiyaluyalu yaba yintando yesayensi kwinzululwazi yengqondo .
Ngexesha le-1900 yokuqala, isihloko se-narcissism saqala ukutsala umdla kwiziko elikhulayo lokucinga elibizwa ngokuba yi- psychoanalysis . I-Austrian psychoanalyst u-Otto Rank yashicilela enye yeengcaciso zokuqala ze-narcissism ngowe-1911, apho wadibanisa nokuziqhayisa.
Ngo-1914, udumileyo uSigmund Freud washicilela iphepha elibhalwe ngo- Narcissism: Isingeniso. UFrud ucetywe ukuba uluhlu lweengcamango ezinqwenelekayo apho aphakamisa ukuba i-narcissism idibaniswe nokuba i-libido (amandla aphethwe ngumntu ngamnye osindayo) iqondiswa ngaphakathi ngaphakathi, okanye ngaphandle. Wayevakalelwa kukuba iintsana zijolise kuyo yonke i-libido yangaphakathi, i-state awayebhekisela kuyo njenge-narcissism ephambili. Kwimodeli kaFreud, kwakukho inani elithile elichanekileyo lalo mandla, kwaye kwinqanaba le libido lalijoliswe phandle ngokubhekiselele kwi-attachment kwabanye, liza kunciphisa inani elifumaneka kumntu. Ngoku "ukunika" lo mthando, uFrud uncetyiswa ukuba abantu banamava ka-narcissism aphantsi, kwaye ukuze azalise le mandla, wayekholelwa ukuba ukufumana uthando nokuthandana kwihlabathi ngokubuyisela kubalulekile ukugcina umxholo wokwaneliseka.
Ukongeza, kwiingcamango zikaFrud zobuntu, umqondo womntu ukhula njengoko umntwana echaphazelekayo kunye nehlabathi langaphandle kwaye uqala ukufunda imimiselo yoluntu kunye nethemba lenkcubeko elikhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwe-ego efanelekileyo, okanye umfanekiso ogqithiseleyo wokuba u-ego uzama ukufikelela.
Enye inxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkolelo kaFrud yimbono yokuba olu luthando lomntu luyakwazi ukudluliselwa komnye umntu okanye into. Ngokunikezela uthando, uFrud uncetyiswa ukuba abantu banamahloni ekunciphiseni i-narcissism, bebashiya bengakwazi ukukhusela, ukukhusela nokuzikhusela. Ukuze azalise le mandla, wayekholelwa ukuba kubalulekile ukuba ufumane uthando kunye nomsa.
Ukuqwalaselwa kweNarcissism njengengxaki
Ngexesha le-1950 kunye neye-1960, i-psychoanalysts u-Otto Kernberg noHeinz Kohut bancedisa ukuba banomdla ngakumbi kwi-narcissism. Ngowe-1967, uKernberg uchaza "isakhiwo somntu." Wakhela iingcamango ze-narcissism eziphakanyisiweyo iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili: i-narcissism yabantu abadala abaqhelekileyo, i-narcissism ye-infancy, ne-narcissism ye-pathological engaba yintlobo ezahlukileyo.
Ngowe-1968, iKohut yafika kwingqiqo eyahlukileyo ye "narcissistic personality disorder" kwaye yaqhubeka ithatha iimbono zangaphambili zikaFreud malunga ne-narcissism kwaye zandisa kuzo. I-Narcissism yadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwingcamango kaKohut ye-self-psychology, eyacetyisa ukuba i-narcissism yinto eqhelekileyo kunye neyona nto ibalulekileyo yokuphuhliswa kwaye ukuba ubunzima bokubambisana "kwangaphambili" kunokukhokelela kwimingeni ekugcineni ingqondo eyaneleyo yokuzithemba ebomini, egalelo kwiingxaki ze-narcissistic.
Ngowe-1980, i-narcissistic personality disorder yaqatshelwa ngokusemthethweni kwinkqubo yesithathu ye-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual yeMental Disorder kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo eyasungulwa ukuxilongwa kwayo. Kwakukho ingxoxo malunga nendlela yokujongana nokuphazamiseka komntu kwi-DSM-5 yakutshanje, kodwa ukuphazamiseka kwamanye amazwe kunye nokunye ukuphazamiseka komntu kuhlala kungatshintshi kwiinkqubo zabo zokuxilonga kwi-edited edition.
> Imithombo:
> I-American Psychiatric Association. I-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual yezifo zengqondo , i-5th edition. 2013.
> Flanagan, LM Inkolelo yokuzimela kwi-Psychology. Ku (Ed.) 1996.
> Kohut, Heinz, Uhlalutyo lwe-Self. 1971.