Ngamanye amaxesha unyango oluxhaswa yizilwanyana (AAT) lisetyenziselwa unyango lweengxaki zengxakini yentlalo (SAD). Izilwanyana zinokufanelwa ngokukhethekileyo ukunceda abantu abane-SAD, njengoko banikela inkxaso engekho nto kunye nethuba lokufunda malunga nokusebenzisana nabanye.
Imbali ye-AAT
I-AAT ibuyele kwiminyaka ye-1940 xa umbutho wempi uletha iYorkshire Terrier kwisibhedlele ukuze ahlasele amasoldati alimele.
Kwaqala ngokunyanisekileyo ekuqaleni kwawo-1990; nangona kunjalo, kuseyona intsimi entsha. I-AAT isebenzisa izilwanyana eziqeqeshwe ukuphucula ukuzinzileyo ngokomzimba, kwengqondo, kunye nentlalontle yabathengi.
I-AAT ichazwa nguMbutho we-American Humane njengengenelelo ejoliswe kuyo injongo apho isilwanyana sibandakanywa njengengxenye ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo ye-kliniki. I-AAT ihanjiswa okanye ilawulwa yinkonzo yobugcisa okanye umboneleli wesevisi obonisa ubchule kunye nobuchule malunga nezicelo zeklinikhi zokusebenzisana kwabantu. "
Indlela Izilwanyana Ezisetyenziswa Ngonyango kwi-SAD
Ulwaphulo olusincediswa yizilwanyana alulandelanga uhlobo oluthile lwenyango. Ngokomzekelo, izilwanyana zifakwe kwizinto zonke ezivela kwi- ctnitive-behavioralrapy (CBT) ukuya kwonyango lwe-psychodynamic . Isilwanyana sikhona ukuncedisa kwinkqubo yokwelapha, kungekhona ukuqhuba inkqubo yonyango.
Izilwanyana ezisetyenziselwa unyango zingaba ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo.
Izinja kunye namahashe ngabantu abaninzi abantu bacinga xa bejonga izilwanyana, kodwa ezinye izilwanyana ezingenakudalwa ziyakwenza kwinkqubo yokwelapha.
Iyiphi indima eyenziwa yizilwanyana kwiyeza? Kukho iinkalo ezithile zonyango kwi-SAD ukuba izilwanyana zinokukunceda nge:
- Izilwanyana zinokukunceda ukuphucula ukuzithemba kwakho, ukuphucula izakhono zentlalo kunye nokunciphisa iimpawu zokuxhalabisa.
- Kwiqela le-SAD , izilwanyana zinokunceda ukwandisa intsebenziswano phakathi kwamalungu eqela. Enyanisweni, kulula ukuyicinga ukuba iqela elixhalabileyo elihamba kunye nomhlobo omnandi lomnxeba liza kuba livulekile kwaye lixolelane.
- Ngonyango olulodwa-nye, isilwanyana sinokukunceda uzive ukhuselekileyo kwaye ukhawuleze uxhamlo kunye nomgqirha wakho.
- Izilwanyana ezinjengamahashe kunye neenja ziqokelela kwiingxaki zoluntu. Ingcali yakho ingasebenzisa le mpendulo ukukhokela iiseshoni zonyango. Ngokomzekelo, ugqirha wakho unokukubonisa indlela ukuziphatha kwakho (ubuhlobo okanye ubuchule obuchaphazelekayo) kuya kubachaphazela njani ukuba isilwanyana siphendula njani kuwe. Le yindlela elula yokubona indlela ukuziphatha kwakho kuchaphazela ngayo abantu abasondeleyo.
- Uphando luye lwabonisa nokuba izilwanyana zinomphumela wokuthoba, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwegazi kunye nokuxhalabisa. Ukuba nesilwanyana kwiiseshoni zakho zonyango kuya kukunceda uzive ukhululekile.
- Izilwanyana zonyango zibonelela ngethuba lokunika uthando kunye nokulufumana. Oku kunokuba luncedo kakhulu kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo ukufumana uxhulumaniso phakathi kwentsapho okanye ontanga.
Izilwanyana zonyango zinokunceda ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kunye nokuzihlalisa. Phakathi kwabantwana, banokunceda ekubhekiselelweni kwentlalo.
Ekugqibeleni, ukuba nesilwanyana kwiiseshoni zakho zonyango kuthetha ukuba ingqwalasela akuyiyo yonke into kuwe- into yokuba abo abane-SAD banokufumana ukuphazamiseka kwimigangatho yokuqala.
Izilwanyana ezisetyenziselwa unyango zingasebenza nakwezinye zezicwangciso ezilandelayo:
- amakhaya angamahlengikazi
- ezibhedlele
- zikolo
- mathala eencwadi
- izilungiso
- maziko o ku hlaziya
Ukwahluke phakathi kobuNyango Izilwanyana kunye Neenkonzo Zengqondo Zinyama ze-SAD
Izilwanyana ezincedisa unyango azifani nezilwanyana zenkonzo zengqondo . Izilwanyana zenkonzo zihlala nabantu abaneengxaki zengqondo kunye nokukhubazeka ukubanceda ngemisebenzi yokuphila kwansuku zonke, njengokukhumbuza ukuthatha amayeza okanye ukufunda ukufumanisa iimpawu zokuhlasela okuxhalabisa. Izilwanyana zeenkonzo ziphantsi kokukhuselwa komthetho we-American Disability Act (ADA) kulo mbandela.
Ubungqina obuxhasa ukunyangwa kwezilwanyana
Kukho ulwazi olunzulu lwe-anecdotal kunye neengxelo zecala ekuxhaseni unyango olusincediswa yizilwanyana, kodwa akukho uphando oluninzi oluqhutyelwe ixesha elide lwenziwa.
Ucwaningo luka-1998 olupapashwe kwiphepha leencwadi elithi "IiNkonzo Zengqondo" livavanya ukuba iseshoni esisodwa sonyango oluxhaswa yizilwanyana linciphise amazinga okuxhalabisa kwizigulane ezingama-psychiatric ezingama-230 kunye nokuba ngaba zihambelana neziphumo zabo. Iziphumo zophando zibonise ukuba unyango oluxhaswa yizilwanyana ludibaniswe nokuxhalabisa kwezilwanyana kwizibhedlele ezinezifo ezahlukeneyo zeengqondo.
Uhlalutyo lwe-meta lwama-2007 lwezifundo ezingama-49 lufumene i-AAT ukuba linxulumane nobukhulu obuphambili kwiimimandla emine: iimpawu ze-autism-spectrum, iingxaki zezokwelapha, iingxaki zokuziphatha kunye nokuphila kakuhle. Okumangalisa kukuba, iinkalo zabathathi-nxaxheba kunye nezifundo azibonisanga iziphumo ezahlukileyo.
Ngokubanzi, uphando malunga ne-AAT lubonisa ukuba luthembise xa lusetyenziswa kunye nezokwelapha zonyango ngezinye iingxaki ezinokuthi zihlobene no-SAD, ezifana nokuxhalaba kunye nokuphila kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, uphando oluninzi olulawulwayo lufunekayo ukuze kuchongwe iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokusebenzisa i-AAT ngenzuzo enkulu.
U-AAT uphucula njani kwiNyango yamaZiko eSAD?
Ukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ngethuba lonyango kwi-SAD linokunika uncedo oluninzi:
- Ukwandisa amazinga e-oxytocin okukhokelela ekunciphiseni uxinzelelo lwegazi kunye nentliziyo. I-Oxytocin yi-hormone yentlalo echaphazelekayo ngokubambisana nokuthintana kwabantu.
- Abantwana kunye nabaselula banokuthinta izilwanyana-into engabikhoyo ebomini babo-kanti ukuchukumisa ngexesha lonyango lonyango lungafanelekanga.
- Izilwanyana aziyikugwetywa. Abazi imbali yakho okanye imeko okanye iinkcukacha abanye abantu abanokukugweba ngamanye amaxesha, njengokungabikho emsebenzini okanye abangatshatanga. Bakuvuma ngenxa yokuba ungubani, iimpazamo kunye nazo zonke. Baxolela kwaye banwabile ukukubona kwaye bahlala bevuya. Nangona oogqirha banethemba lokufezekisa umgangatho wokungathathi hlangothi, izilwanyana zizenzekelayo.
- Kubantwana abanomdla wokukhetha , imeko apho umntwana engakwazi ukuthetha kwimeko enye okanye ngaphezulu ngenxa yokukhathazeka okukhulu, izilwanyana zingenza ukuba unyango lube yingozi kakhulu kwaye luncede bahlale unyango ixesha elide.
Ngubani ongafanelanga ukufumana i-AAT
Kuba abaninzi abantu abane-SAD, akufanele kubekho isizathu sokuba i-AAT ingafanelekanga. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kukho na oku kulandelayo kusebenza kwimeko yakho, i-AAT ingenakucetyiswa.
- Uloyiko olunzulu lwezilwanyana. Uya kufuneka usebenze ngoloyiko lo kuqala, kwaye ngoko-ke i-AAT ayinakukunceda.
- Unobungozi kwiintlobo ezithile zezilwanyana (ezinye zisenokuba zifanelekile-nangona amahlengethwa enza i-AAT!)
- Unciphise umkhuhlane ngenxa ye-HIV / AIDS, i-chemotherapy okanye i-radiation yomhlaza, okanye nayiphina imishanguzo yokuxhatshazwa ngumzimba. Xhumana nogqirha wakho ukuba kukho na kwezi ziimeko ziyasebenza.
Indlela abaSebenzi be-AAT abalawulwa ngayo
Okwangoku akukho bhunga elilawulayo elijongene ne-AAT. Nangona kunjalo, imibutho efana nePeter Partners inikezela uqeqesho lwezilwanyana kunye nabagqirha.
Izinja ezibhaliswe kunye neNyango yeNjaba yamaZwe kufuneka zibe nokuhlolwa kwonyaka ngonyango wezilwanyana ukuze kuthathe inxaxheba kwi-AAT.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, izilwanyana ezithatha inxaxheba kwi-AAT zifanele zifikelele kwi-vaccinations kunye nempilo enempilo.
Example AAT
Iyiphi enye indlela engcono yokubonisa indlela i-AAT isebenza ngayo kunomxholo wokufunda kwimeko? Kule nkcazo emfutshane yashicilelwe kwinqaku, umqeshwa onolungelo loluntu u-Stephen Quinlan uchaza oko bekufana nokusebenzisa i-AAT kunye nomntwana onomdla wokukhetha.
Sasebenzisa ibhola yetenethi endikuyo eofisini yam, kwaye uLlayla waqala "ukuhlala" kwaye "ulinde" ngoxa uCharlie waphosa ibhola. Ndandula ke ndikhulule uLlala nge "Kulungile." Walawula emva kwebhola waza wabuyisela kwaye ndamxelela ukuba "ayeke." UCharlie wayebukele yonke into endiyenzayo kwaye wachaza yena. Ndambuza ukuba ingathanda ukuzama. Wadonsa. Kule ngonyango unyango, uCharlie wayengakhange athethe igama elinye kumntu. Wayekwazi ukuhleka aze enze izandi, kodwa akakwazi ukuthetha. "I-t-t" yayiyilungu lokuqala uCharlie ayelikhupha ngayo. "Wuh-ait," waqhubeka wathi, "OO-KUH!" Wakhala ngelizwi. ULilala wabuye wahlawuliswa emva kokuba ibhola kunye noCharlie bememeza ngokuvuya. "UDuh-Ruh-op," utshilo uCharlie phezu kukaLalla. "
Ngokufingqa ngamava akhe, uQuinlan uthi " uLilala wayebekele i-bar ibhokisi likaCharlie kwiseshoni kwaye wamnika indawo epholileyo ukuba abuyele emuva xa wayexhalabile kakhulu ."
Kuphi Ukufumana Unyango Oluxhaswa Kwezilwanyana
Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuzama nokufumana umphathiswa we-AAT kwindawo yakho. Qaphela ukuba ungadinga ukuhamba kwisiza apho izilwanyana zisebenza kunokuba isilwanyana size kuwe.
- Nxibelelana noMbutho we-American Humane okanye i-American Counseling Association ukufumana iindlela ozikhethayo zokufumana unyango olusincediswa yizilwanyana.
- I-Pet Partners yintlangano yophando ekhuthaza unyango olusisiseko lwezilwanyana malunga ne-United States.
- Inyango yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (iTDI) enye inhlangano enokuba luncedo ukunxibelelana.
Imithombo:
UBarker SB, uDawson KS. Imiphumo yonyango oluxhaswa yizilwanyana ekuxhaseni kweengxaki zezigulane zengqondo yezibhedlele. Psychiatr Serv . 1998; 49 (6): 797-801. i-doi: 10.1176 / ps.49.6.797.
I-Weil's Wellness Therapies. Uncedo lwezilwanyana. Kufumaneke ngoMeyi 29, 2016.
Iziko le-Ontario of Excellence kwiMpilo yengqondo yabantwana kunye nolutsha. Ubungqina bombona: Ulwaphulo oluncediswa yizilwanyana. Kufumaneke ngoMeyi 29, 2016.
I-Quinlan S. Izilwanyana zonyango: Uncedo lokuphululela ekusebenzisaneni nabantwana abanokuxilongwa kwe-mutism ne-autism. Kufumaneke ngoMeyi 29, 2016.
UNimer J, uLundahl B. Ulwaphulo oluncedisiweyo lwanyana: I-meta-analysis. I-Anthrozoos: I-Journal Multidisciplinary Journal ye-Intsebenziswano yabantu nezilwanyana. 2007; 20 (3): 225-238.