Nangona kukho ukungavumelani malunga nendlela yokuyiqonda ingcamango ye-schizophrenia , kuvunyelwene ngokubanzi ukuba i-schizophrenia yintlupheko yengqondo yomzimba. Oko kuthetha ntoni ukuba izigulane ezifunyaniswe nesifo schizophrenia zifumana ingcamango ephawulekayo kunye neemeko zemizwelo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, zinamazinga ahlukeneyo okukhubazeka kwengqondo.
Ekupheleni kwesiganeko, imbono encinci kukuba i-schizophrenia yintlalo yokwakha, imveliso yenkcubeko kunye nokulindela okumiselwe kumntu ongahambisani.
Uninzi lwengqondo, nangona kunjalo, olugcinwe yingcali ezininzi zempilo yengqondo, kukuba i-schizophrenia yintlupheko yengqondo eneengcambu zendalo; njengolu hlobo, ukucinga ngendlela efanayo nezinye izifo zonyango. Nangona kunjalo, iingcali azivumelani nxamnye ne-schizophrenia ibe yimbono ehlangeneyo (i-lumpers) ngokuchasene neengxaki ezahlukileyo ezikhethwe ngokufanelekileyo phantsi kwecandelo elinye (i-splitters).
Kule nqaku, siza kuxubusha ukuphuhliswa kwengqiqo kunye neengcamango eziqhelekileyo, ininzi yembono ye-schizophrenia. Ingxoxo ye-anti-psychiatry view of schizophrenia iya kuba yintloko yecandelo elithile.
Schizophrenia okanye iSchizophrenias?
Ngaba i-schizophrenia iziphazamiso ziyinxalenye yoluhlu olufanayo (iintetho ezahlukeneyo zento efanayo - ONE schizophrenia) okanye umxube weendidi ezahlukileyo kunye nezidalwa eziqhelekileyo (iintetho ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezahlukeneyo - i-schizophrenias)?
Ukuphendula lo mbuzo siza kuhlaziya uphuhliso lwembali lweengcamango ze-schizophrenia.
- 1852, eRouen, eFransi : uBénédict Morel, ugqirha waseFransi kunye nomlawuli wendawo yokukhusela ingqondo e-Saint-Yon eRouen, wapapasha umqulu wakhe wokuqala we- Études cliniques (1852; "Izifundo zeZliniki"), apho okokuqala kwimbali yokugula ngengqondo, ixesha elidlulayo (ukugula komzimba kwangaphambili ) kusetshenziselwa ukuchaza umfanekiso wekliniki yegulane eziselula ezinokucatshungulwa kwengcinga kunye neengxaki ezipheleleyo zokuthanda. Emuva kwixesha le-Morel, nangona kunjalo, umqondo wesifo sengqondo se-dementia wawuneentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kunamhlanje. Okokuqala, akuzange kubhekisele kwinkqubo engapheliyo kwaye ingenakuphikiswa; Isibini; oko kwakungekho ngokuzenzekelayo kuthetha ukuba iingxaki ezinengqiqo (umz. ubunzima kwimimori yememori, ingqwalasela, ukuxininisa, ukuxazulula iingxaki) nazo zikhoyo. Enyanisweni, ukugqithiswa kwe-Morel ukuxilongwa kwangaphambili kungabonakali kakuhle ne-Kraepelin- dementia praecox , ongaphambili wokuxilongwa kwe-schizophrenia.
- 1891, Prague, Austro-Hungarian Ubukhosi : ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwekota ye- dementia praecox ngu-Arnold Pick, i-Czech neurologist, kunye nengqondo yeengqondo ezixela isigulane ngesigidimi esichaphazelekayo ehambelana nento ekuya kufunyanwa njengengxaki yengqondo.
- 1893, i-Heidelberg, eJamani : uEmil Kraepelin uphakamisa uluhlu lweengqondo. I-Kraepelin ihamba ukusuka ekuhlanganiseni izifo zengqondo ezisekelwe kwiimpawu eziphambili phakathi kweempawu eziphambili zokuqokelela ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo ngokusekelwe kwikhosi yabo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukususela kwikhosi, uhlukanisa i- praecox yengqondo , kunye nenkambo yakhe engapheliyo kwaye eqhubekayo ukusuka ekudakaleni komntu, kunye nenkambo yokuhamba. Ingqalelo, uKraepelin ekuqaleni wahluke kakhulu ngengqondo ye-praecox (i-predecessor of schizophrenia) ephuma kumqondo we-dementia paranoides kunye ne- catatonia . UCraepelin waqala njengomqhekeli, ekubeni wayexhasa imbono yokuba ezo zinto zazingxaki ezahlukeneyo. Kamva ke, emva koko, uKraepelin utshintshela kwi-lumper, ngokuba ubeka iintetho ezahlukeneyo ngokuthi "iifompiki" zentsholongwane enye: i-dementia praecox.
- Ngowe-1907, iZürich, eSwitzerland : i-Eugen Bleuler i-schizophrenia yegama elithi "schizophrenia" kwaye ichaza i-subtypes ehlukileyo yentleba, ithi isifo schizophrenia 'asiyiyo isifo esicacileyo, kodwa sibonakala siyinxalenye yezifo. Ngoko ke, simele sithethe nge-schizophrenias ngobuninzi '. Ngokuqinisekileyo, i-splitter.
- I-20 yenkulungwane yexesha elidlulileyo : Kukho iindidi ezine eziphambili zeempawu ezivakalayo ezininzi kwiingcchiphrenia: izibonakaliso ezintle, iimpawu ezimbi, iimpawu zokuqonda kunye neempawu ezichaphazelekayo. I-schizophrenia engalunganga kunye ne-negative ne-lack and deficit schizophrenia iphakanyisiwe njengeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-schizophrenia. "I-lumpers" iphakamisa ukuba yonke le mpawu okanye iindidi, nangona ukungaboni ngaso lenkcazo, inkqubela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kunye nokuphendula kumachiza, ngokwenene iifom ezahlukeneyo eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo (kodwa kodwa ziyazimiselwa) ze-schizophrenia. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, "abaqhekekileyo" banoluvo lokuba iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zentlupheko zigxininisa iintetho ezahlukeneyo zekliniki; Ngako oko, i-schizophrenias ngokuchasene ne-schizophrenia ichaze bhetele iimeko ezibonakalayo kwintlukwano kwintetho, inkambo, ukuxela, nokuphendula kwonyango kumaqela ahlukeneyo yezigulane. Iinkqubo ze-DSM III ukuya kwi-IV zihlukaniswe phakathi kweentlobo ezi-5 ze-schizophrenia: i-paranoid, i-disorganized, i-catatonic, i-residual, kunye ne-disferentiated-ngaphezulu kweembono zokwahlukana kwe-schizophrenia.
Okusibuyisela Kwanje
I- DSM V ilahlekise zonke i-schizophrenia subtypes njengento engacalulekanga malunga neengcebiso zonyango okanye ukuchazwa kwempendulo yonyango - ngaphezulu kwendlela yokukhanya. Nangona kunjalo, oku akubonakali ukuba yimpendulo yokugqibela kwiingxoxo eziqhekekileyo. Ngolwazi olwandisiweyo malunga nokungafani kofuzo kwimvelaphi yezofuzo kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwiyeza elisekelwe isigulane, kunokwenzeka ukuba i-pendulum ingase ibuye ibuyele kwixesha elizayo.