Yiyiphi ingqiqo? Ngoxa i-intelligence enye yezona zinto zithetha kakhulu ngezifundo zengqondo , akukho nkcazo ecacileyo yintoni ekuthethwa ngayo ngobuchule. Abanye abaphandi baphakamise ukuba ingqiqo yinto enye, ubuchule obuqhelekileyo, ngelixa abanye bakholelwa ukuba ingqiqo iquka uluhlu lwezakhono, izakhono kunye neetalenta.
Indlela izazi zeengqondo zichaza ngayo ubuchule
Ubulumko buyihloko ebalulekileyo kunye nengxabano kwimbali yengqondo. Nangona unomdla omkhulu kulo mbandela, kusekho ukungavumelani okukhulu malunga nantoni na eyenza i-intelligence. Ukongezelela kwimibandela yendlela ekuchazwe ngayo ingqiqo, ingxoxo iyaqhubeka namhlanje malunga nokuba imilinganiselo echanekileyo inokwenzeka.
Kwimiba eyahlukeneyo kwimbali yamuva, abaphandi bacebise iinkcazelo ezahlukeneyo zobulumko. Nangona ezi ngcaciso zichaneka kakhulu kwi-oneorist ukuya kwi-nextor, ukucinga kwangoku kukho ukubonisa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luquka izinga lokukwazi ukwenza oku kulandelayo:
- Funda: Ukufumana, ukugcinwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwazi kubaluleke kakhulu kwinqanaba leengcaphephe.
- Qaphela iingxaki: Ukubeka ulwazi ukusetyenziswa, abantu kufuneka bakwazi ukufumanisa iingxaki ezinokuthi ziqwalaselwe.
- Sombulula iingxaki: Abantu kufuneka bakwazi ukuthabatha oko bakufundileyo ukuba bafumane isisombululo esiluncedo kwingxaki abaye bayibona kwihlabathi elibangqongileyo.
Ubulumko buquka ubuninzi beengqondo ezahlukeneyo kuquka ukucinga, ukuqiqa, ukuxazulula iingxaki kunye nokucwangcisa. Nangona isifundo sobunzulu sisinye sezikhulu kunye nokuphandwa kakhulu, nenye yezihloko ezivelisa ingxabano enkulu.
Nangona iingqondo zeengqondo zivame ukungavumelani malunga nencazelo kunye nezizathu zobulumko, uphando ngeengcaphephe ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiindawo ezininzi. Ezi nkalo zibandakanya izigqibo malunga nendlela enikwa imali ngayo kwiinkqubo zemfundo, ukusetyenziswa kovavanyo kubenzi bezicelo zesikrini, kunye nokusetyenziswa kovavanyo ukuchonga abantwana abafuna uncedo olungaphezulu lwezemfundo.
Imvelaphi yoBulumko
Igama elithi "i-intelligence quotient," okanye i-IQ, laqala ukuhlanganiswa ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ngu-German psychologist ogama linguWilliam Stern. Isazi sengqondo se-Alfred Binet sathuthukise iimvavanyo zokuqala zengqondo ukunceda urhulumente waseFransi ukuba achaze abantwana besikolo abafuna uncedo olungaphezulu lwezemfundo. I-Binet yowokuqala ukuvelisa umxholo wengqondo yengqondo, okanye isethi yamakhono abo abantwana abaneminyaka ethile.
Ukususela ngeli xesha, ukuvavanywa kweengqondo kuye kwavela njengethuluzi elisetyenziswa ngokubanzi eliye lakhokelela ekuphuhliseni ezinye iimvavanyo ezininzi zobuchule nokufaneleka. Nangona kunjalo, iyaqhubeka iqhubisana ingxabano kunye nokuphikisana nokusetyenziswa kovavanyo, ukunyaniseka kweenkcubeko ezinokubandakanyeka, ukuthintela kwi-intelligence, kwaye kwindlela esichaza ngayo ingqiqo.
Iingcamango zobulumko
Abaphandi abahlukahlukeneyo baye bacetyisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo ukuze bachaze uhlobo lobulumko. Nazi ezinye zeengcamango eziphambili zengqondo eziye zavela kwiminyaka eyi-100 edlulileyo:
UCharles Spearman: Ubungcali obuKhulu
Isazi sengqondo sengqondo saseBrithani uCharles Spearman (1863-1945) sachaza umxholo awayebhekisele kuwo njengengqondo jikelele , okanye i- g factor . Emva kokusebenzisa isicatshulwa esibizwa ngokuba nguhlalutyo lwezinto ukuhlola ezinye iimvavanyo zengqondo, u-Spearman waphetha ukuba amanqaku kule mvavanyo ayefana ngokufanayo. Abantu ababenzi kakuhle kuvavanyo oluthile lwenkcazo bavame ukwenza kakuhle kwezinye iimvavanyo, ngelixa abo bavavanye kakubi kwisicingo esisodwa bavame ukufaka amanqaku amaninzi kwabanye. Wagqiba ekubeni ingqiqo yindlela ekwazi ukuqonda ngayo ingakwazi ukulinganiswa kwaye ichazwe ngamanani.
ULouis L. Thurstone: Amakhono eNgqondo eziPrayimari
Isazi sengqondo seLouis L.Thurstone (1887-1955) sanikela ngengcamango eyahlukeneyo yobunzima. Esikhundleni sokubukela ubulumko njengento enye, ubuchule obuqhelekileyo, ingcamango kaTrumstone igxile kwiindlela ezi-7 eziphambili zengqondo eziphambili. Amakhono awawachazayo aquka:
- Ukuqondwa komlomo
- Ukuqiqa
- Isantya sokuqonda
- Ukwazi ukubala
- Ukuchaneka kweLizwi
- Imemori yobudlelwane
- Ukubonakala kwendawo
Howard Gardner: Intelligences ezininzi
Enye yeengcamango zakutshanje ezivela kuvela kuTheory Gardner yeengcamango ezininzi . Esikhundleni sokugxila kuhlalutyo lwamanqaku okuvavanya, uGardner ucebise ukuba iintetho zobuninzi bobunzima buntu, njengolu vavanyo lwe-IQ, azibonakaliswa ngokupheleleyo kunye nezichanekileyo zamakhono abantu. Inyiyo yakhe ichaza iintlobo ezisibhozo zeengcaphephe ezisekelwe kwizakhono kunye nezakhono ezixabisekileyo kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo.
Iintlobo ezisibhozo zengqondo uGarnner ezichazwe zi:
- Ubungcali bobugcisa
- Ingqondo yolwimi
- Ubunhloli bobugcisa
- Iingcaphephe zengqondo
- Zobulumko
- Iingcaphephe zoMculo
- Inkcukacha zobulumko
- Zobulumko bendalo
URobert Sternberg: I-Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Isazi sezengqondo uRobert Sternberg sachaza ubuchwephesha ngokuthi "imisebenzi engqondweni ejoliswe ekujonganeni nokuzikhethela, ukukhethwa kunye nokubunjwa kweemeko ezikhoyo ngokwenene ebomini bomntu." Ngoxa wavuma kunye neGarnner ukuba ubunzima bobubanzi bukhulu kunomntu omnye, ubuchule bendawo, yena wachaza ukuba ezinye zeentlobo zeengcali ze-Gardner zibhekwa ngcono njengetalente. U-Sternberg ucetyise into awayebhekisele kuyo ngokuthi "ingqondo ephumelelayo," equka izinto ezintathu ezihlukeneyo:
- Ubulumko bokuhlalutya: Iinjongo zakho zokuxazulula iingxaki.
- Ubulumko bendalo: Ukwazi ukujongana neemeko ezintsha usebenzisa amava adlulileyo kunye nezakhono zangoku.
- Ubulumko bokusebenza : Ukukwazi kwakho ukulungelelanisa indawo eguqukayo.
Imibuzo malunga nokuvavanywa koBulumko
Ukuze ufumane ukuqonda okunzulu kwengqondo kunye neemvavanyo eziye zaphuhliswa kwizame zokulinganisa le ngcamango, kubalulekile ukuqonda imbali yovavanyo lwengqondo, uphando lwezenzululwazi oluye lwaqhutywa kunye neziphumo eziye zavela.
Imibuzo emikhulu malunga nobunzima kunye novavanyo lwe-IQ luya kuquka:
- Ingaba i-intelligence ingakwazi ukwenza enye, okanye ingaba iquka ukuxhaswa kwezakhono ezininzi kunye nobuchule?
- Ingaba ulwaphulo-mali luzuze ilifa, okanye ngaba indalo idlala indima enkulu?
- Ngaba iimvavanyo zengqondo ziyancipha?
- Ziziphi izibalo zobulumko ezichazayo, ukuba nantoni na?
Ukuphonononga le mibuzo, izazi zengqondo zenze ixabiso elikhulu lophando malunga nemvelo, iimpembelelo kunye neziphumo zengqondo.
ILizwi
Nangona kubekho impikiswano eninzi malunga nenqobo yeengcaphephe, akukho mqondo ocacileyo oye waphuma. Namhlanje, izazi zeengqondo zidla ngokubhekiselele kwiimbono ezininzi zeengcamango xa zixoxa ngeengqondo kwaye zivuma ukuba le ngxoxo iyaqhubeka.
> Imithombo:
> Gardner H. Iifom yeengqondo: iTheory of Multiple Intelligences. Wesithathu. ENew York: iiNcwadi eziSiseko; 2011.
> I-Spearman C. "I-General Intelligence," ngokuchanekileyo inqunywe kwaye ilinganiswa. I-American Journal ye-Psychology 15. 1904; 15: 201-293.
> Sternberg RJ. Ngaphandle kwe-IQ: I-Triarchic Theory of Intelligence . I-Cambridge: I-Cambridge University Press; 1985.
> Thurstone LL. Amakhono eengqondo eziPrayimari . Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1938.