Siva ezininzi malunga nezilingo zokuziphatha ezi ntsuku - ukuba abantu banokuba ngumlutha ngaphandle kokusela utywala okanye ezinye iziyobisi, kodwa kwimisebenzi ebonakala ngathi iyingozi njengokwabelana ngesondo, ukuthenga, imidlalo yevidiyo, ukugembula, ukutya kunye nokuzivocavoca. Kodwa ngaba bayayilwa?
Ingxabano ephambili emkhakheni wokuxhatshazwa kukuba ingaba oko kuthiwa "ukuziphatha" kwezilingo - izilingo kwizinto ezinjengokutya, ukuzisebenzisa, isondo, ukudlala umdlalo wevidiyo kunye nokugembula - ziyiliso zangempela.
Kodwa iingcamango zokulutha umlutha zitshintshile ngaphezu kweminyaka, kwaye iingcali ziyahlukana ekuqondeni kwabo ukuba yintoni umlutha, ngoko de kube sekuvunyelwene ukuba kuvunyelwene, ingxabano iyakwazi ukuqhubela phambili. Nangona kunjalo, okuninzi kuye kwafunyanwa kwiminyaka eyi-15 edluleyo, ekubeni ukuhlaziywa kokugqibela kwiNcwadana yokuThatya nokuThatyathwa kweMental Disorders ( DSM-IV ) yapapashwa. Ngomxholo olandelayo nje ngekona, sinokubona inkcazo ecacileyo yokulutha.
Ubume bangoku
Isimo samanje sokunyanzela ukuziphatha asixhaswanga. Siphezu kwenkqutyana entsha kunye nexesha elide elindelwe leNcwadana yokuHlola kunye neSatistim of Distress mentals, eya kubandakanya uphando olongezelelweyo kunye neengxoxo kunanini ngaphambili. Nangona uhambo olomeleleyo lwezonyango zoogqirha kunye noluntu loluntu luxhasa ukuqheliswa kokuziphatha okufana nokugembula, isondo, ukuthenga, umdlalo wegeyimu yevidiyo, intanethi, ukutya, kunye nokuzilolonga, kuyaqhubeka kubonakala ukuba i- American Psychiatric Association (APA) , ngubani ophuhlisa, obhala nokupapasha i-DSM, uya kuzisa ezo zilingo kunye phantsi kwecandelo elitsha, okanye uza kugcina iimeko ezichaphazelekayo.
Udidi olutsha lweZenzo zoLungiso luye lwacetyiswa, njengalezo zitsha zelayibhile zokuxhatshazwa koxhatshazo , kunye ne- Binge Eating Disorder .
Kukho abameli - kunye nabanini-mali - ukufakwa kwezilwanyana zokuziphatha njengengxaki "yokwenene", kodwa ngezinye izinto ezingabonakaliyo, njengoNjingalwazi uJim Orford, isazi sengqondo sezonyango kunye nomlobi we "App App", oye ixesha elide libhekiselele ekuqaliseni uluhlu lweendlela zokuziphatha eziluthayo, bathambekele ekugxininiseni ekuziphatheni komnye kunokuba luhlu olupheleleyo.
Nangona kunjalo, nganye yeendlela eziphambili zomlutha ezikhankanyiweyo apha zenze imizamo yokuqulunqa imilinganiselo yokuxilonga esekelwe kumava abo bachaphazelekayo, ephethe ngokuthe ngqo imilinganiselo ekhoyo yokuxhomekeka kotywala kunye nezidakamizwa kunye nokugembula.
Ngaphandle kwehlabathi lobuchwephesha beengqondo kunye neengqondo, amajelo ashicilelwe kwaye amkela iingcamango zokuziphatha kakubi. "I-Oprah," eyona mpu melelo ephakamileyo kakhulu, ebonakalayo kwimbali yomabonwakude yehlabathi lonke, ihlala idibanisa izihloko ezinxulumene nolwahlulo lwezidakamizwa. Ezi zihloko ziquka izilwanyana ezizinzileyo, ezifana nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, izilutha zokuziphatha, ezifana nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kunye nokunye okungaqhelekanga kubandakanywa kwingxoxo malunga nokulutha, njengento yokuzincoma (edlalwa rhoqo ngokumalunga ne- Borderline Personality Disorder ) kunye nophando lweplastiki. Ukubonakaliswa kwale mi sebenzi njengemilutha ixhamla kunye nabasweleyo kunye noluntu olukhangelekileyo, kwaye ngokucacileyo, le mi boniso inxibelelana nemicimbi yangoku.
Imbali
Imbali yengcamango yokuxilwa komlingo isekelwe emsebenzini kunye nabantu abanomlutha wotywala kunye nezinye iziyobisi. Njengoko utywala kunye nezinye iziyobisi ziguqula umqondo wobomi beengqondo, kubangela umjikelezo wokunyamezela kunye nokurhoxisa okunokubangela ukuba abantu bafune isiqhamo esongezelelekileyo, isiseko sobungozi bobugqirha sisekelwe kwingcamango yokuxhomekeka kweekhemikhali.
Iziphumo ezinobungozi zotywala kunye nezinye iziyobisi engqondweni kunye nalo lonke umzimba liqinisa isigxina sokuxilonga njengesifo - abantu abasela kakhulu kwaye bathabatha inani elikhulu lamachiza ixesha elide lidla ekugqibeleni bagula kakhulu.
Enyanisweni, imodeli yesifo sokuxilisa, ejolise kwizenzo zenyama zonyango, ekuqaleni yayijoliswe ekunciphiseni ukugweba ukuziphatha ngokunyanzela "ngokugula" kunokuba "ugwenxa." Yaye kunye noluntu lwezonyango luhamba phambili ekuqondeni okukhulu kwendima yokuxinwa kwengqondo kunye nempilo yengqondo kwiindawo zonke zempilo kunye nokuphila kakuhle.
Ngamayeza okuthintela kunye nokuxhotyiswa kwezigulane ezithatyathwa ngabafundi kunye noluntu njengeendlela ezifanelekileyo zokujongana nemicimbi yokunakekelwa kwempilo, imodeli yesifo yokuxilonga iphela.
Ukungcakaza ngogonyamelo okanye kumathambo ngumqhubi ode kunayo yonke yokubandakanywa kweendlela zokuziphatha njengemilutha kunye nokubandakanywa kwi-DSM-IV njengengxaki yokulawula ingqondo, eyahlukana nokuxhomekeka kotywala kunye nezidakamizwa. Inani elikhulu lophando oluye lwenziwa kwingxaki yokugembula, okwenza ukuba akukho ncinane encinci kwiinkxaso ezininzi ezibonelelwe yoshishino lokugembula, uye wagunyazisa ukugembula njengomlutha, kwaye kukho bambalwa abaya kulwa nalo.
Ngoko ukuba ukugembula kungumlutha, kutheni kungabikho eminye imisebenzi eyenza abantu abathile benovuyo kunye nokuphazamiseka okuphawulekayo ukuziphatha kakubi? Eyona nto ingakumbi kuba akukho uphando, luqhutywa yinkxaso ehambelanayo, ukuxhasa ngokwaneleyo ubukho bezinye iimpawu zokulutha. Kwaye uphando olukhoyo lukwahlukana kwiinkalo ezininzi kunye nemimandla enomdla.
Kwaye kukho umngcipheko ophathelene nokufakwa kwamanye amathandabuzo angenazo iingxaki kunye nokuxhomekeka kweziyobisi kunye nokuxhomekeka kweziyobisi? Kukho iingxoxo ezibalulekileyo kumacala omabini ale mpikiswano.
Kwimeko
Iipatheni zokuphuhliswa komlutha ngamnye, inkqubo yokucinga echaphazelekayo, umjikelezo womvuzo ogcina iziphatho zokulutha, iziphumo zentlalontle kunye nolwalamano, kunye nenkqubo yokuphucula inendima enkulu ngokufanayo kwimimiselo yokulahla. Ukuba siyabona ukuba inkqubo yoxilongo ngokwayo, kunokuba yinto ethile okanye ukuziphatha, yintoni ebangela iingxaki abantu abajongene nazo izilingo, ubunzima obuninzi kwinkqubo ekhoyo yokuhlelwa kunye nokunyanga kunokukunqoba.
Ukuqonda, umzekelo, ukuba kungengomngcakazo kwedwa , obangela ukuba umdlalo wokugembula ulahlekelwe yiyo yonke into, kodwa inqubo yokuphepha ukunyamekela imeko yakhe, ivumela ukuba ugqirha ukuba asebenze naye xa ejongene naye, ekuwamkeleleni nasekuphuculeni ubomi. Ngendlela efanayo, ukuqonda ukuba umsebenzisi weziyobisi, ukutya okudliwayo, ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo, okanye umzingeli ogqithisileyo bonke basebenzise ezi ziphatha ukuzama ukuphepha nokuxinzezeleka kobomi babo, kwaye kwinkqubo, benza izinto zibe zibi kakhulu, kuvumela ukuba unyango lujolise ekuxazululeni oku, kunokuba uzilungiselele ngokuziphatha ngokwawo.
Umzekelo wokubandakanya umlutha uvumela ukuba sikulungele ngokwaneleyo abantu abasengozini yokuba abayi kuphinda baphinde baphinde baphinde baphinde baphinde baphinde baphinde bazivelele. Le ngxaki eqhelekileyo yimbangela yokungafundi ukuphumeza izakhono zokubhekana neengxaki zokuphila, kwaye, ngokugxila ekuziphatheni komlingo odlulileyo, ukuhlakulela umzekelo omnye wokulutha ngomnye umntu.
Unyango lwezonyango, ezifana nezigaba zokutshintshela imodeli kunye neengxoxo zengxoxo, ziphumelele ekuphatheni izilingo zonke iintlobo. Ukuqwalaselwa kwenkqubo yokumlutha njengento yokuqala yokuqhuba iziphathamandla zokulahla, nokuba zijoliswe kwizinto okanye umsebenzi, ivumela abantu abaninzi ukuba bancediswe kwiinkonzo zokudibanisa. Ezinye zezi nkonzo sele zikhona, kwaye ukufakwa kwezidakamizwa ezahlukileyo kwiinkqubo zonyango kunceda kakhulu kwinkqubo yokwelapha, njengokuba abantu bexosha ukuziphatha okuthe ngqo kwaye bayaqonda ukuba yintoni ebenzela yona, nendlela yokuhlangabezana nale mfuno kwimpilo indlela.
Enye into ebalulekileyo yokuqwalaselwa kwezidakamizwa zokuziphatha njengengxakiniso yangempela kukuba kugxininisa imodeli engafanelekanga yesifo sokuxhatshazwa, eqhuba ikhosi yayo kwaye ayisayi kusebenza injongo yayo yokuqala.
Kwimeko
Ingxabano ebalulekileyo malunga nokubandakanywa kweentlobo zokuziphatha kwiingcamango zokubakho komlingo kukuba azinakuba yizilungo. Nangona iipatheni zinokuba zifana, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuxiliswa kwezidalwa yinkqubo ehluke ngokupheleleyo kwiimpawu zokunyanzelisa. Njengoko uDkt Christopher Fairburn wathi: "Inyaniso yokuba izinto zifana okanye zifana neendawo eziqhelekileyo azibafanelanga ukuba zifanane. Ukugxininisa kuphela ezi fanayo ... kuphazamisa umahluko phakathi kwezi ziphatha."
Enye ingxabano ngokuchasene nokuziphatha kakubi kwimiba yokukhwabanisa kukuba imiphumo yomzimba yotywala kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa zinzima kakhulu, kuquka nemisebenzi engeyingozi kakhulu inciphisa ukubaluleka kwezilwelo "zangokwenene" kwaye zenza ukuba abantu bayamkeleke ngokwentlalo. Oku kunciphisa ubunzima bokuxhomekeka kotywala kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa, okwenza ezi zinto zibonakale zingenakonakala njengokuba zichitha imali kakhulu kwivenkile okanye zigqithise ikhekhelethi.
Kwakhona, abanye abantu bacinga ukuba ukubandakanya imisebenzi engeyiyo yezinto ezifana nezilingo kuthetha ukuba eli gama lisetyenziswe ngokungaqhelekanga ukuze lisetyenziswe kuyo nayiphi na indlela yokuziphatha, kwaye wonke umntu unokubonakala ebengumlutha kwinto ethile. UJim Orford ucaphuna esinye isazi sezengqondo, u-Hans Eysenck, esithi, "Ndiyathanda ukudlala i-tennis nokubhala iincwadi zengqondo; ngaba oko kuthetha ukuba ndiyilwa neetennis kunye nokubhala kwencwadi?"
Apho ibeka khona
Njengoko silindele i-DSM-V, igama elithi " umlutha " liyingxenye yenkcubeko ethandwa. Abeendaba bayaqhubeka nokusebenzisa iileyibilithi yokulahla ukuchaza indlela yokuziphatha ngokugqithiseleyo, kwaye isetyenziswe ngolwimi lwansuku zonke njengoko abantu befuna uncedo ekuziphatheni kwabo ngokweqile, nakwabo abathandayo.
Ukuphendulwa kwabagxeki kwindlela yokuxhatshazwa:
Iinkalo ezizimeleyo kunye nezizodwa zendlela yokuziphatha umlingo zingaphendulwa ngelixa abantu basebenza kwiingcamango zengqondo zabo kwaye banokudibaniswa neendlela zonyango.
Ingxabano ebombeleyo yokuba umlutha unokusetyenziswa kwinto nantoni na onyolisayo ayilahlekanga ngongoma. Ayinandipha umsebenzi owenza ukuba ube ngumlutha, ubandakanyeka kuwo ngokugqithiseleyo ukuba ezinye iinkalo zobomi zihlupheke. Ukuba uHans Eysenck wayedlala i-tennis enkulu kangangokuthi impilo yakhe kunye nobudlelwane bakhe bebuhlungu, ngokuqinisekileyo, unokuba ngumlutha wokudlala i-tennis. Kuyafana nokubhala incwadi yakhe.
> Imithombo:
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> Fairburn, C. Ukunqoba Ukutya Okutya. ENew York: Guilford. 1995.
> Hartney, E., Orford, J., Dalton, S. et al. "Abangenayo abaphuza kakhulu: uvavanyo olulinganisiweyo noluninzi lokuxhomekeka nokulungele ukutshintsha." Uluhlu loPhando kunye neNkcazo 2003 11: 317-337. 25 Agasti 2008.
> Holden, C. "Iingxaki zokuziphatha" Ngaba zikhona? " ISayensi, 294: 5544. 2001.
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> Orford, Jim. "Izicelo ezigqithisileyo: Iimbono zeengqondo zengxakini" (Uhlobo lwesibili). Wiley, > Chicester >. 2001.
> Isizwe seSizwe sokuSetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi (i-NIDA), Uchungechunge lweeNgxelo zoPhando - Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweHeroin kunye noTywala. 2005.