Ukunqongophala kwengxaki yokuxhatshazwa kweengxaki (ADHD) yinkinga ye-neurodevelopmental disorder. Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho ukungcola kwengqondo ye-ADH echaphazela ukuphuhliswa komntwana. I-ADH ayichaphazeli i-intelligence. Kodwa, luchaphazela amandla omntu wokulawula ingqwalasela kunye neemvakalelo, kwaye kubangele ukungahambi kakuhle kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kunye neengxaki zentlangano.
Ukwahlukana kwi-BraH ADIN
I-ADHD yimeko ezayo phantsi kokuhlolisisa okukhulu. I-Naysayers ibuza ukuba ngaba yinyani okanye ithi yinto ebangelwa ukungabikho kokukhuthazwa , amandla, okanye ukukhulisa abantwana ababi-akukho nanye okuyiyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba wena okanye umntwana wakho unayo i-ADHD, unokuziva uzikhuselekile kula mazwi.
Ukwazi ukuba kukho ukungafani kwemvelo kwi-ADHD yengqondo-xa kuthelekiswa nengqondo yomntu ongenayo i-ADHD-ivakalelwa. Umahluko unokwahlukana kwiindawo ezintathu: isakhiwo, umsebenzi, kunye ne-chemistry.
Ulwakhiwo lweBrain
Kwiminyaka emininzi, uphando lubonise ukuba kukho ulwahlulo olucacileyo lwesakhiwo kwi-ADHD yengqondo. Ukuphononongwa okugqithisileyo kwimeko yesifo sengqondo yesigulane se-ADHD yenziwa kwi-Radboud University ye-Nijmegen Medical Centre. Abaphandi babika ukuba abantu abane-ADHD babenomlinganiselo omncinci wengqondo kwiindawo ezincinci ezihlanu, kwaye ubungakanani babo bobuchopho babo buncinane. Ezi ntlukwano zazikhulu kubantwana kunye nabancinci kubantu abadala.
Oku kufunyanisiweyo kuhambelana nokuqonda kwethu kwangaphambili ukuba iinxalenye zeengqondo ze-ADHD zikhula ngokukhawuleza (malunga nomnye ukuya kwiminyaka emithathu) kwaye azize zifikelele ekuvuthweni komntu ongenayo i-ADHD.
Enye into ebangel 'umdla kukuba i-amygdala kunye ne-hippocampus zincinci kwiibinzana zabantu abane-ADHD.
Ezi ndawo zinoxanduva lokuqhutyelwa kwemvakalelo kunye nokungafuneki, kwaye ngaphambili kwakungabonakali ngokuchanekileyo kwi-ADHD.
Umsebenzi weBrain
Zininzi iintlobo zobugcisa bokucinga ngobuchopho ezifana ne-single-photon emission computer tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), kunye ne-imagination magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) evumela abaphandi ukuba bafunde indlela ingqondo ye-ADHD isebenza ngayo kunye nemisebenzi.
Kukho utshintsho ekuphumeni kwegazi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zobungqina kubantu abane-ADHD xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abangenayo i-ADHD. Kubandakanywa ukuhamba kwegazi ekunciphiseni kwiindawo ezithile. Ukuhamba kwegazi okunciphisayo kubonisa ukunciphisa umsebenzi wengqondo. Ummandla wengingqi wengqondo uhlala kwimisebenzi yolawulo kwaye banembopheleleko yemisebenzi eminingi kuquka ukucwangcisa, ukulungelelanisa, ukunyamekela, ukukhumbula, nokuphendula.
Olunye uphando lufumanise ukuba abantwana abane-ADHD abanalo inxibelelwano efanayo phakathi kwe-cortex yangaphambili yengqondo kunye nendawo yokuboniswa kwendawo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ingqondo ye-ADH yenza iinkcukacha ezahlukeneyo kunengqondo engekho ye-ADHD.
Chemistry Brain
Ingqondo yintanethi exakekileyo yonxibelelwano apho imilayezo idluliselwa kwi-neuron enye (iseli yeengqondo) ukuya kutsho.
Kukho umda phakathi kwe-neurons, ebizwa ngokuba yi-synapse. Ukuze umyalezo udluliswe kunye, i-synapse kufuneka izaliswe ngumbono we-neurotransmitter. I-neurotransmitters zizithunywa zeekhemikhali, kwaye ngamnye unoxanduva lwemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.
Iingqungquthela ezibalulekileyo ze-ADHD zi-dopamine kunye ne-noradrenaline. Kwiqondo le-ADHD, kukho ukuchithwa kwe-dopamine system. Ngokomzekelo, kukho i-dopamine encinane kakhulu, ayinayo i-receptor yayo, okanye i-dopamine ayisebenzisi kakuhle. Imithi ekhuthazayo inceda i-ADHD kuba ikhuthaza i-dopamine ukuba iveliswe okanye igcine i-dopamine kwi-synapses ede.
Kutheni i-ADHD ingaxilongwa ne-Brain Scan?
Okwangoku akukho vavanyo lokujolisa ukuxilonga i-ADHD. Kunoko, uvavanyo olunzulu luyenziwa ngunyango. Iquka udliwano-ndlebe olunzulu kunye nesigulane, ukuhlaziywa kweengxelo zesikolo kunye nembali yonyango, kunye nokuvavanywa kwamanye ukuhlola, ukuphazamiseka, kunye nememori. Ngolu lwazi, ugqirha unokukwazi ukuba isigqirha sokuxilongwa se-ADHD esisetyenziswe nguMqulu weNgcaciso kunye neSisatisithi seMental Disorders (DSM).
Umbuzo oqhelekileyo kukuba "Ukuba kukho ukungafani okucacileyo kwi-ADHD yengqondo, kutheni ingekho i-ADHD ifunyanwe i-scans?"
Njengoko uDkt. Thomas E. Brown echaza encwadini yakhe ethi "Ukuqonda ngokutsha kwe-ADHD kubantwana nakwaBantu abadala: i-Operation Impairments," iimvavanyo ezifana ne-PET kunye ne-FMRI zibonisa ukuba ingqondo isebenza njani ngexesha lovavanyo lwenziwa . Njengesithombeni, bathabatha umzuzu omnye ngexesha. Nangona kunjalo, abayiqwalasela indlela ubuchopho busebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, ngendlela yokuhlolwa kwekliniki kunakho ngexesha le-interview interview.
Ukongezelela, idatha yokukhangela efundwayo ngokuqhelekileyo isekelwe kwimilinganiselo yeqela, kwaye ayikwazi ukusebenza kumntu othile. Kwaye iziphumo azizange zidibeneyo, yinto apho iqoqo lwedatha liqokelelwe kwaye lifaniswe ukwenzela ukuba i-criteria ye-ADHD yokuxilongwa usebenzisa izicatshulwa zingenziwa ngokuthembekileyo.
> Imithombo:
> Berger, I, O. Slobodin, M. Aboud, J Melamed noHCassuto 2013. Ukulibaziseka kwamanani kwi-ADHD: Ubungqina obuvela kwi-CPT. Imida ye-Human Neuroscience .
> Hoogman, M. et. al. Ulwahlulo oluthile lweBongo Ukwahlukana koMntu kwiNxaxheba kwiNkcazo yokuKhathazeka kwengxaki yokuHlukana nokuHlezeka kwabantwana kunye nabantu abadala: i-Mega-Analysis. I-Lancet Psychiatry , ngo-2017.
> Mazaheri, A., S. Coffery-Corina, GR Mangun, E. M Bekker, AS Berry, kunye no-BA Corbett. Ngo-2010. Ukuxhatshazwa okusebenzayo kwe-Frontal Cortex ne-Visual Cortex kwi-Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder. I-Biological Psychiatry 67 (7): 617-623.