Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwiNhlabathi lonke, uphando lufumanisa
Nangona iipolisi zeziyobisi ezinobunzima kunye nemithetho yokugweba ehlabathini, iUnited States nayo inezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokusebenzisa i-cocaine ne-marijuana engekho mthethweni, ngokutsho kophando lwabantu abangaphezu kwama-54,000 kumazwe angama-17.
I-United States nayo inezinga eliphezulu lokusetyenziswa kwecuba lokuphila kwerhafu kodwa ivela kwisithathu ekusebenziseni utywala, emva kwe-Ukraine kunye neJamani.
Uhlolisiso, nguLouisa Degenhardt weYunivesithi yaseNew South Wales (eSydney, e-Australia) kunye noogxa, esekelwe kwingxoxo-ngxowa-ndlebe ye-World Health Organisation (Composite Diagnostic Interview) (CIDI).
Ukusetyenziswa kweCocaine kunye neMarijuana
Uphando, olucela ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba malunga ne- cocaine yabo yokuphila, i- marijuana , itywala kunye nokusetyenziswa kotywala, bafumanisa ukuba i-16.2% yabantu baseUnited States baye basebenzisa i-cocaine ngexesha elithile ngexesha lobomi babo. Eli nqanaba lalingamaxesha amane kwinqanaba lelizwe lesibini, eNew Zealand, apho i-4.3% yathi baye bazama i-cocaine.
Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba abantu abangama-42.4% abantu baseUnited States babika i-marijuana ukusebenzisa ngexesha lokuphila kwabo. I-New Zealand yowesibini nge-41.9%, kodwa loo mazwe amabini ayedlulela phambili kwenye i-15 ngexesha lokuphila kwentsangu.
Ukusetyenziswa kwangoku kwandisa ukubonakala
Lo mkhuba uye wachazwa kwiNgcaciso kaZwelonke malunga nokuSetyenziswa kweziMilo kunye neMpilo (i-NSDUH) eyenziwa rhoqo ngonyaka yiNyango yokuSetyenziswa kakubi kweeMpilo kunye noLawulo lweeNkonzo zezeMpilo yengqondo (SAMHSA).
Ngo-2013, olo hlolo lubonise ukuba i-24.6 yezigidi zabantu baseMelika abaneminyaka eli-12 okanye ngaphezulu-9.4 ekhulwini labantu-basebenzise iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni kwinyanga edlulileyo.
Inani labasebenzisa iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni (abo basebenzisileyo kwinyanga edlulileyo) liphuma kuma-8.3 ekhulwini ngo-2002. Ukwanda kwenzelwe ukunyuka kokusetyenziswa kwegunju.
Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwezinye iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni kuye kwacinywa okanye kwehla kule minyaka elishumi edlulileyo, izibalo ze-NSDUH zibonisa ukuba abasebenzisi be-marijuana bexesha elidlulileyo benyuka ukusuka kuma-5.8% ukuya kuma-7.5 ekhulwini ukususela ngo-2007 ukuya ku-2013.
Iimigaqo-nkqubo zeziyobisi azikho
Ukusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa kuhambelana nemali engenayo, kodwa akubonakali kuhambelana nomgaqo-nkqubo weziyobisi, ekubeni amazwe anomgaqo-nkqubo othethelelekileyo ekusebenziseni iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni ayinamazinga aphantsi okusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa kunamazwe anemigaqo-nkqubo ye-liberal, "uDegenhardt kunye naye oogxa babhala.
"I-United States, eqhuba i-ajenda yophando lweziyobisi kunye ne-ajenda yomgaqo-nkqubo weziyobisi, ivela kumazinga aphezulu okusetyenziswa kotywala, i-cocaine kunye ne-cannabis, nangona kukho imigaqo-mthethweni engekho mthethweni, kunye (nakwiindawo ezininzi zase-US). Ubuncinane bokusetyenziswa kotywala obungokomthetho kunamanye amaninzi aphuhlisiwe amazwe, "kubhala ababhali.
"I-Netherlands, eneendlela ezincinane zokugweba isifo senambuzane kunokusetyenziswa kwe-United States, iye yabona amanqanaba aphantsi okusetyenziswa, ngakumbi kubantu abadala abaselula," kusho ingxelo. "Ngokucacileyo, ngokwalo, umgaqo wokugweba owenzelayo kunye nokusebenzisa i-akhawunti ngokukhawulelana okuthe ngqo kumgangatho welizwe lokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni."
Ukusetyenziswa kweeRhafu kwiiNqanaba eziPhakathi kwabaNcinane
Nazi ezinye zeziphumo eziphambili zolu phando:
- Amadoda ayedla ukuba asetyenzise zonke iintlobo zeziyobisi, kodwa ukuba i-gap isini ivalwe phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abaselula.
- Abantu abadala abasenokuba ngamathuba okusebenzisa zonke iziyobisi ekufundeni kunabantu abadala.
- Abo bangatshatanga okanye ababethatywayo ngaphambili babenemilinganiselo ephezulu yecuba, ukusebenzisa i-cocaine kunye ne-marijuana, kodwa kungekhona ukusetyenziswa kotywala.
- Ingeniso ephakamileyo yahlanganiswa namazinga aphezulu okusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezingekho mthethweni nakwezomthetho.
- Ukusetyenziswa kotywala kuxhaphake phakathi kwabantu abaye batshata ngaphambili kodwa bengenakuncinci phakathi kwabo bangatshatanga.
- Utywala osetyenziswa ngama-15 ubudala kwakuninzi kakhulu kwiiYurophu kunaseMiddle East okanye e-Afrika.
Iingxelo zeSavey
"Kwakukho ukubandakanywa kweziyobisi ezincinci phakathi kwabancinci kubantu abadala kumazwe onke, kubonisa ukuba ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa kuye kwaye kunokuqhubeka nokutshintsha kwithuba lembali," abhali babhala. "Kuyathakazelisa ukuba kukho ubungqina bokuba ukungafani kwamadoda nabesifazana engozini yokuqalisa ukusebenzisa iziyobisi kunokutshintshwa kumaqabane azalwa ngokutsha.
"Olu tshintsho lwaluyifumana ngokubanzi kumazwe, ebonisa ukuba ukutshintshela ngokubanzi kuyenzeka ngokubhekiselele kwimbambano yesondo ngokuqhelekileyo eboniswe ngokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi."
Umthombo:
Degenhardt L, et al. (2008) "Ukujonga kwi-Global View of Alcohol, Ugwayi, i-Cannabis kunye neCocaine Ukusetyenziswa: Iziphumo ezivela kwi-WHO World Health Surveys." I-PLoS Medicine 1 Julayi 2008