Iimpawu ezikhoyo kunye nezibalo ongazi
Ukusetyenziswa kotywala kufikeleleke kwiindawo eziphazamisekileyo emhlabeni wonke, kwaye, nangona iinzame zokuguqula umkhwa wokutshaya, ingxaki ibonakala ikhula kakhulu ngonyaka.
Nangona ababhemayo beyazi kakuhle ukuba iigareyi zinikeli nto kodwa zilimaza kwimpilo yazo, ziya kuhoywa zonke izilumkiso kude kube yinto ethile ngokukhawuleza idibanise kwaye ibatshele ukuba lixesha lokuyeka. Ngoko, endaweni yokujonga nje iingenelo zokushiya , nantoni ebanda kakhulu, amaqhinga anzima anokubeka ingxaki kwinqanaba:
Industry Today
I-cigarettes engama-6.5 trillion ithengiswa kwihlabathi lonke ngonyaka, eliguqulela kuma-cigarettes angama-18 amabhiliyoni ngosuku. Ili shishini elinempembelelo kwaye enye eyenza ixhoba layo libuyiselwe emva kwabantu abahluphekayo kwihlabathi, zombini ngokubhekiselele ekunikezeni kunye nemfuno.
Kuqikelelwa iibhiliyoni ezibhekisayo kwihlabathi, ama-80 ekhulwini ahlala kumazwe aphantsi kunye namazwe aphakathi. Kwingqikelelo yezigidi ezingama-33 zabasebenzi beefama befama kwishishini, inani elininzi lihlala kwiindawo ezihluphekayo nakwiindawo.
Kwezinye zala mazwe, kwanokuba abantwana banyanzelekile ukuba basebenze emasimini ukukunceda ukuhlawula iindleko zentsapho. Oku kubakho kunye nabanye abasebenzi basepulazini abasengozini yokugula kogwayi , ukugula okubangelwa ukutshatyalaliswa kwe- nicotin ekhumbeni ekulawuleni amaqabunga amanzi.
Nangona iUnited States iye yanciphisa kakhulu isabelo sayo sokutya kwefodya kumafama angaphezu kwe-180,000 kuma-1980 ukuya kutsho ngaphezu kwe-10 000 namhlanje, isengumvelisi wesine mkhulu kwihlabathi.
Oku nangona kunjalo ukuba izifo ezinxulumene nokutshaya zibiza i-US ngaphezu kweebhiliyoni ezingama-300 ngonyaka.
I-China, iNdiya, neBrazil ngamanqaku amathathu awona maqhosha amaninzi ecuba. Akumangalisi ukuba kukho ezi zininzi zeentlanga ezikwaziyo ukutshaya ukuqonda.
Umzekelo:
- Uphononongo luka-2009 eChina lubonise ukuba kuphela ama-38 ekhulwini abantu ababhemayo bazi ukuba ukutshaya kunokubangela isifo senhliziyo ngelixa i-27 ekhulwini kuphela eyazi ukuba kunokukhokelela ekubetheni.
- Ngokufanayo, ngaphezu kwama-25 ekhulwini labantu baseBangladesh, e-Indiya, e-Netherlands, eRashiya, eThailand naseVietnam bebengakwazi ukusebenzisana phakathi kokutshaya kunye nezifo zenhliziyo.
- Okwangoku, iipesenti ezili-17 zabantu ababhemayo eNew Zealand, iipesenti ezili-14 eFransi, kunye neepesenti ezingama-13 e-United States babengazi ukuba izingozi zomzimba zokutshaya naphezu kokuba isifo senhliziyo-kwaye ingengomdlavuza wamaphaphu-ngumntu oyedwa obulala ababhemayo.
Izibalo zeMpilo zangoku
Ngoxa abantu ababhemayo badla ngokucinga ukuba umhlaza womphunga kunye nezinye izifo ezinxulumene nokutshaya "ngumqulu we-dice" ngaphaya kolawulo lwabo, qwalasela oku:
- Ugwayi namhlanje ubulala i-half half of all smokers.
- Ehlabathini lonke, itekshe ibangela izigidi ezilishumi ukufa kwabantu ngonyaka. Kulokufa kokuphela kwemizuzwana emihlanu.
- Kulo lonke inani labantu abafa, ama-600,000 aphakathi kwabangabhemi abaye babhalwa ngumsi wesithandwa.
- Ngo-2030, ukuba umgangatho uyaqhubeka, inani lokufa liya kuphakama ukuya kwizigidi ezisibhozo.
- Ukutshaya yimbangela ecacileyo yokufa kwabahlanu kwi-US Eya kutshintsha kuma-480,000 ukufa rhoqo ngonyaka, ukufa kwama-1 300 ngosuku, ukufa kwama-54 ngeyure, okanye malunga nokufa omnye ngomzuzu.
- Wonke ugwayi utshaya usika imizuzu emihlanu ukuya kwi-11 ebomini bakho. Ngethuba lokuphila, oku kunokunciphisa ixesha lokuphila kwakho iminyaka engama-12.
- Phantse iipesenti ezingama-25 zazo zonke izifo zentliziyo ziyafa kunye neepesenti ezingama-75 zezifo zamaphaphu zifa ngokubhekiselele ekubhekeni kungakhathaliseki naziphi na ezinye izizathu.
Ulutsha lokuShwankathela
Azikho zonke iindaba ezimbi. Kwakukho ngo-1997 ukuba ukutshaya kwafikelela kwinani eliphakamileyo phakathi kwentsha yase-Amerika kunye neengxelo ezingama-36.4 ezinike i-cigarettes. Ngokweengxelo ezivela kumaziko okuLawula nokuLawula (i-CDC), elo nani sele liye lalinganiselwa kuma-10 ekhulwini.
Nangona kunjalo, iimbono zikude. Phakathi kweziphumo zeCDC:
- Nsuku zonke, ama-3,200 aseMelika angaphantsi kwe-18 aya kukhanyisa i-cigarette yokuqala.
- Kule mihla, i-2,100 iya kuqhubeka ibe ngabashushu besikhathi esigcwele.
- Phantse abayisishiyagalolunye kwabayishumi ababhemayo base-US bazama ugwayi wabo wokuqala ngaphambi kweminyaka eyi-18.
- Ukunyuswa kwentlanzi ekhethiweyo kukukholelwa ukuba yinto esongela impilo yoluntu phakathi kolutsha nolutsha. Ngomhla ka-2014, iipesenti ezingama-73 zabafundi ababhemayo kwizikolo eziphambili kunye nabangama-56 ekhulwini be-foker-school bask
- Okwangoku, i-4.3 ekhulwini yabafundi besikolo esiphakathi kunye ne-11.3 ekhulwini yabafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo babika ukusebenzisa i-e-cigarettes.
- Ukongezelela, i-2.2 ekhulwini yabafundi besikolo esiphakathi kunye neepesenti ezingama-5.8 zabafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo babika ukusebenzisa iteksi yokutshiza , isenzo esiqhagamshelene kakhulu nomhlaza womlomo.
ILizwi
Nangona kubalwa izibalo, abantu abaninzi ababhema e-US baqonda ingozi enkulu yokutshaya. Enyanisweni, ngokwe-CDC, malunga nama-70 ekhulwini kwabashushu be-America bafuna ukuyeka kwaye malunga ne-40 ekhulwini baye benza ubuncinane umzamo omnye wokuyeka ngonyaka ophelileyo.
Inselele, eqinisweni kukuba kungathatha amalinge angama-30 ngaphambi kokuba umntu akwazi ukuyeka, bathi abaphandi beSikolo soMpilo kaRhulumente baseJohn Hopkins. Ingaba yinkqubo elukhuni kodwa enye ekugqibeleni ingaphucula impilo yakho kungakhathaliseki ukuba uneminyaka emininzi ushiye. Ekugqibeleni, akusayi kukhawuleza ukuyeka.
Ukuba utshaya kwaye ulungele ukuyeka, thatha isinyathelo sakho sokuqala ngokuzifundisa kwaye ufumanise kuphela iindlela zokuphelisa ezikhoyo kuwe kodwa ukuba ungaphila iindleko zonyango, kaninzi ngaphandle kokubeka ikhulwini.
Thatha isinyathelo esinye ngexesha. Ngenkxaso, umonde, nokuzinikezela, uya kukhaba umkhwa.
> Imithombo:
> Amacandelo okuLawula nokuLawula izifo. Ukusebenzisa ukubhema kunye noTuba: Izinto ezintle. " Atlanta, Georgia; hlaziywa ngoNovemba 16, 2017.
> Chaiton, M .; IDiemart, L; Cohen, J. et al. "Ukulinganisa inani lokuyeka ukuzama ukuyeka ukutshaya ngempumelelo kwiqela elide lababhemayo." BMJ Open. 2016: 6 (6): e011045. INGXELO: 10.1136 / bmjopen-2016-01104.
> Jha, P .; MacClennan, M .; Chaloupka, F. et al. (2015) I- Cancer: Izifo eziPhambili eziLawulayo (i-Oktodi Ed.) "Isahluko 10: Izingozi zeHlabathi eziNgcakalisi kunye neNzuzo yoTshwala lokuCima nokuThengiswa koTywala." I-Washington, DC: IBhanki ye-International for Reconstruction and Development / i-World Bank.
> Umbutho WezeMpilo Wehlabathi. "Iphepha leNkcazo yeCuba." Geneva, eSwitzerland; hlaziywa ngoMeyi 2017.