Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zokunqongophala kweengxaki zokuxhatshazwa komzimba (ADHD). Zezi:
- I-ADHD ingabonakaliyo ibonakalisa iingxaki ezilawula ingqalelo.
- I-ADHD ibonakalisa ukuziphatha okungenangqondo nokuziphatha kakubi.
- Uhlobo oludibeneyo lwe-ADHD apho apho kungabikho kokungafanelekanga kunye nokunyanzeliswa-ukungafuneki.
Ezi ntlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-ADHD zisetyenziselwa ukubizwa ngokuba yi-ADHD subtypes.
Emva koko, xa iphephancwadi yesihlanu ye-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disabilities (DSM-5) ishicilelwe ngo-2013, igama elithi "subtype" latshintshelwe ukuba "lombonakalo." Ngokomzekelo, umntu unokufumanisa ukuba unengxaki yokugula ngengxaki yokugula, ukuboniswa okuhlangeneyo.
Nangona iqela elisemthethweni likhoyo ngoku, abantu abaninzi basasebenzisa igama elithi "subtypes" kunye "neentlobo." Ngamanye amaxesha, i-ADHD edibeneyo ingathunyelwa njenge-ADHD C.
Ukuxilongwa
Zonke iintlobo ze-ADHD ziyafunyanwa ngendlela efanayo. Uvavanyo olunzulu luyenziwa ngumqeqeshi wezempilo onolwazi. Lo kliniki ubutha ulwazi oluvela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo kuquka nodliwano-ndlebe nawe (okanye umntwana wakho), imbali yakho yezonyango, imbali yonyango yentsapho kunye namava akho esikolweni. Olu vavanyo lunokubandakanya ukuhlolwa kweengqondo, ukuvavanywa kwememori, ukuqwalasela kunye nokuvavanywa kweemvavanyo, kunye nodliwano-ndlebe kunye neqabane lakho.
Ukuba ngumntwana ovavanywayo, umzali womntwana uya kuba nodliwano-ndlebe naye.
Ekupheleni kovavanyo, ugqirha uya kugqiba ukuba ngaba i-criteria ye-ADHD ichazwe kwi-DSM-5 idibeneyo. Ukuba unayo, ke ukuxilongwa kwe-ADHD kungenziwa. Wena okanye umntwana wakho uya kufumana ukuba ne-ADHD.
Oku kuya kuba yinto engayithobeliyo, engaxhamliyo-engqondweni, okanye i-ADHD edibeneyo.
I-DSM idwelisa iimpawu ezi-9 ze-ADHD engenakulandelwa, kunye neyesithoba ngenxa yenjongo yokunyanzelisa. Ukufumanisa ukuba i-ADHD idibeneyo:
- Umntwana kufuneka abe neempawu ezintandathu okanye ngaphezulu kwiintlobo zombini.
- Umntu oneminyaka eli-17 okanye ngaphezulu ufuna ukuba neempawu ezintlanu okanye ngaphezulu kwiintlobo zombini.
- Iimpawu kufuneka zibe khona kwiinyanga ezintandathu okanye ngaphezulu.
- Iimpawu kufuneka zibe khona ngaphambi kokuba zibe neminyaka eyi-12 (nangona kungenjalo zifumaneke).
- Iimpawu zimele zibonwe kwiimeko ezingaphezu kweyodwa, njengesikolo nakwikhaya.
- Iimpawu zifuna ukuphazamisa amandla omntu okwenzayo kumandla akhe.
- Iimpawu azikwazi kubangelwa enye imeko.
Ulandelelwano oluguquguqukayo lweempawu ezi-18 ezidweliswe kwi-DSM.
Izimpawu zokunakwa
- Ngokuqhelekileyo yenza iimpazamo ezibonakala zingakhathali, nokuba zikolo okanye umsebenzi. Ezi mpazamo zivela ngenxa yeengxaki ezibalalisa iinkcukacha.
- Kunzima ukugcina ingqalelo kwisikolo, emsebenzini, ukufunda okanye kumnandi.
- Akubonakali ukuphulaphula ngexesha lokuthetha, kwanawo omnye. Ubonakala bephazamiseke ngaphakathi, umzekelo ukucinga ngezinye izinto.
- Ukulandela imiyalelo kunzima. Ukugqiba umsebenzi okanye umsebenzi wesikolo ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni awufanekanga ngenxa yokuphazamiseka okanye ukulahlekelwa ingqalelo.
- ImiSebenzi igwenywe ebandakanya imizamo yengqondo ixesha elide njengomsebenzi wesikolo, iiprojekthi zomsebenzi okanye iifom.
- Ngokuqhelekileyo ulahlekelwa izinto, umzekelo, iincwadi zezifundo, isikhwama, izitshixo, iiglasi kunye neefowuni.
- Unokuphazamiseka lula ngeemeko zangaphandle.
- Uyayikhohlwa xa wenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke njengemisebenzi kunye nemisebenzi.
Iimpawu ezingenangqondo-Impulsive Symptoms
- Ukuhlala emzimbeni kunzima. Uya kususa iinyawo nezandla, kwaye udibanise.
- Ukuhlala kuhlala kunzima. Uya kuhlala evuka kwaye ajikeleze, kwimeko apho kuhlala khona kulindeleke kuluntu, njengendawo yokufundela okanye indawo yokusebenzela.
- Uya kugijima okanye ukunyuka ngexesha elingenakufaneleka. Abaselula kunye nabantu abadala bangabonakala bengasakwazi ukuphumla kwangaphakathi.
- Ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokuqhelekileyo kwizinto ezithandwayo okanye ngokudlala imisebenzi ngokuthula.
- Unamagunya amaninzi kwaye ihlala ichazwa ngokuba "rhoqo uhamba" okanye "iqhutywe ngumqhubi."
- Uthetha njalo kwaye awaziwa ngokuthi "ibhokisi lokuxoxa." Oku kunokubangela iingxaki esikolweni nasemsebenzini.
- Uya kuphendula imibuzo ngaphambi kokuba abuzwe ngokupheleleyo. Ukuphazamisa abanye ngelixa bathetha.
- Ukulinda ukujika kunzima, nokuba kudlala, kumgca okanye ngethuba lentetho.
- Intrudes kwimisebenzi yabantu kunye nengxoxo.
Kutheni Kubalulekile Ukukwazi Uhlobo Luni Lwe-ADHD Enayo?
Njengazo zonke izihloko, ulwazi lunamandla. Xa uyazi ngakumbi malunga nemeko yakho kunye nohlobo lwe-ADHD unayo, unamandla ngakumbi onokuziva. Oku kutshintsha kuthetha ukuba unokufumana unyango olufanelekileyo kwimpawu zakho ukuze zilawulwe kakuhle.
Ukwazi ukuba yintoni intshumayelo ye-ADHD othetha ngayo unokukwazi ukwahlula phakathi kweyiphi isifo se-ADHD kwaye yintoni inxalenye yobuntu bakho obuhlukile. Ngamanye amaxesha abantu bajamelana neminyaka ngemigangatho ye-ADHD bacinga ukuba yingxenye yabo ukuba ngubani, kuphela ekufumaneni ukuba idibene ne-ADHD kwaye ukuba unyango lufumaneka ukunceda.
Ukongeza kwizibonelelo ezibonakalayo, kukho iingenelo zengqondo ngokukwazi ukuba i-ADHD ikuchaphazela njani. Kukho izigwebo ezininzi zokuziphatha malunga neendlela zokuziphatha ezibangelwa ekubeni ne-ADHD. Umzekelo, ukungakwazi ukuhlala ehleli kwiintlanganiso kunokuthiwa "ukungahloneli." Umntu owenza oko kubonakala ngathi iimpazamo ezingakhathali esikolweni unokuthiwa "ungenakuvuthwa." Abantu abadala kunye nabantwana abane-ADHD badla ngokuzibiza baqhenqa okanye banobuwula, xa bengabikho. Ukuqonda ubuqhetseba be-ADHD yakho kukunceda ukuba uhlule kwiingxelo ezimbi kunye nehlazo kunye netyala eliza nabo. Oku kukukhulula ukuba ufumane isisombululo esisebenzayo.
Ngaba Kubi kakhulu Ukuba nohlobo oludibeneyo kunokuba luhlobo olulodwa lwe-ADHD?
I-ADHD idibene yinto eqhelekileyo ye-ADHD. Kwakhona kakhulu uphando.
Ukuba ne-ADHD uhlobo oludibeneyo aluthetha ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba i-ADHD yakho ibhetele kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nomntu ofunyaniswayo kunye nohlobo oluninzi oluxhatshazelisayo okanye uhlobo olungapheliyo.
Ngokomzekelo, umntu onokubangela ukunyanzeliswa-ukunyanzeliswa kunokusenokufumana ezinye iimpawu ukusuka kwiluhlu olungabonakaliyo. Nangona kunjalo, akayi kuba neempawu ezintlanu okanye ezithandathu eziza kuhanjiswa nge-ADHD. Ukufunyaniswa ukuba udidi lwe-ADHD oludibeneyo lubonisa ukuba iimpawu zakho ziyahanjiswa ngokufanayo phakathi kwezi zimbini.
Nabani na ofunyaniswa ukuba ene-ADHD emva koMeyi 2013 (xa i-DSM-5 ipapashwe) ixelelwa ukuba i-ADHD yakhe inzima kangakanani. Kungaba ngumnene (ngelixa idibana ne-ADHD criteria), i-moderation, okanye inzima. Olu hlobo lendlela echanekileyo yokukwazi ubunzima besimo sakho, kunokuba uyigwebe ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lwe-ADHD.
Ngaba ndiza kuhlala ndibe nohlobo lwe-ADHD oludibeneyo?
Xa i-DSM-5 yashicilelwe, yatshintsha i-ADHD subtypes nge-ADHD. Olu tshintsho lubonise ukuba abaphandi abaqondayo abatsha bane-ADHD. Esikhundleni sokuba yimeko ehleliweyo kunye neyobuhlungu enokuhlukaniswa ngokufanelekileyo kwiingxenye, ngoku siyazi ukuba umboniso we-ADHD womntu kunye nobunzima bubuninzi kwaye unokutshintsha ngobudala kunye nesimo.
Kwincwadi ethi Ukunyanzelisa i-ADHD yabantu abadala , uDkt. Russell Barkley ubhala ukuba umboniso onokuthi ungabonakaliyo unokuba yinqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwe-ADHD. Uthi isininzi sabantu abafumaniswe ukuba banesimo sokungabi nonyango baya kuvelisa iimpawu ezaneleyo ezinxulumene nomgaqo wokunakekelwa kwiminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwe-5. Ezi zimpawu ezintsha ziya kuba namandla ngokwaneleyo ukuba aba bantu baya kuhlangabezana neemfuno eziza kufunyanwa nge-ADHD.
Siyazi kwakhona ukuba njengomntu ubudala, iimpawu zabo ze-ADHD ziba ngaphaya kwaye zingabonakali kubantu ababukeleyo. Ngokomzekelo, umntu ojongene nokunyanzeliswa njengomntwana kwaye wakufumanisa nzima ukuhlala eselunokuthi unokukwazi ukuhlalisa xa efunwa njengomntu omdala kodwa uya kuziva ukungazinzi kwangaphakathi kunye nokungazinzi.
Unyango
Ukuba wena okanye wakho umntwana udibanise i-ADHD, kubalulekile ukujongana neengxaki ezingenakulinganiswa kunye nezibonakaliso ezingathandabuzekiyo.
Ngoxa i-ADHD ayikwazi ukuphiliswa, kunokwenzeka ukunyanga nokulawula impawu ngempumelelo. Njengazo zonke iindidi ze-ADHD, isicwangciso sonyango esona siphumo se-ADHD sidibeneyo ngamayeza, kunye nezonyango zokuziphatha njengonyango, indawo yokuhlala , izakhono zentlalo kunye nokuguquka kwendlela yokuphila.
Ayikho imishanguzo e- ADHD ekhethekileyo eyenziwa ngcono kwiintlobo ezithile ze-ADHD. Endaweni yoko, ukufumana unyango olufanelekileyo kunye nesosi into oza kugqirha ugqirha wakho. Unokuzama iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo ze-ADHD de uze ufumane enye inceda iimpawu zakho ze-ADHD kunye nemiphumo emibi yecala.
> Imithombo:
> I-American Psychiatric Association. Incwadana yokuxilonga kunye neenkcukacha zeengxaki zeengqondo (5th ed.). EWashington, DC. 2013
UBarkley R. (2010) Ukunyanzelisa i-ADHD yabantu abadala, i -Guilford Press 2010