IziThutho zoKwenziwa kwezigqibo, ubuxoki kunye neephene
Yonke imihla siyajongana nezigqibo ezininzi. Ezinye zalezi zincinci, ezifana nokuthatha isigqibo sokuba sigqoke okanye sithini ukutya. Abanye baninzi kwaye banokuba nefuthe eliphambili kwikhambo lobomi bethu, njengokuthatha isigqibo sokuya esikolweni okanye nokuba ngaba nabantwana. Ezinye izigqibo zithatha ixesha ngelixa ezinye zifuneka zenziwe kwimizuzu yesibini.
Nangona sisebenzisana neendlela ezininzi zokwenza izigqibo , nathi sihlala sisisityebi kwizinto ezininzi eziqhelekileyo, ukunyanzelisa, kunye nezinye iziphene zokwenza izigqibo.
Fumana iiphotho zokuthatha izigqibo kunye nemingcipheko inokuthi ithintele ekukhethweni okwenzayo ngalunye suku.
I-Heuristics
I- heuristic yindlela yokwenza isigqibo sengqondo okanye ulawulo lwesithupha esisisebenzisayo xa senza isigwebo okanye isigqibo. Ezi zinto zenza uncedo lokunciphisa umthwalo wengqondo xa senza ukhetho, kodwa kunokukhokelela ekuphosakeleleni. Izixhobo ziza kunye neenzuzo ezibalulekileyo: zisenza sifikelele kwizigqibo ngokukhawuleza kwaye zivame ukusebenza rhoqo. Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha bangakhokelela ukuba senze iimpazamo kwaye senze iimeko ezingafanelekanga.
Iinkalo ezibini eziqhelekileyo zokufutshane kweengqondo zi:
- Ukumelwa kobuHlabathi : Oku kubandakanya ukugweba amathuba okuba isiganeko esekelwe kwindlela efana ngayo nomboniso wethu okhoyo onjalo. Ngokomzekelo, abantu abancaka ijaji bahlala begweba amathuba okuba bazuze umdlalo wabo olandelayo ngokubhekiselele ukuba ngaba bawunqobe umdlalo wokugqibela. Enyanisweni, umdlalo awuxhomekeke omnye komnye kwaye ukuphumelela okanye ukulahlekelwa ngokupheleleyo kudala.
- Ukufumaneka kwe-Heuristic : Oku kubandakanya ukugweba ubuncwane besiganeko esekelwe ngokukhawuleza ukuba sinokuthi senze iziganeko ezifanayo ngqondweni. Ngokomzekelo, unokukholelwa ukuba ukuphazamiseka kweendiza kuqhelekileyo kunokuba kunjalo kuba ucinga ngokukhawuleza ngemimiselo emininzi yengozi yeplani yeplane.
Ukuthembela
Enye ingxaki enokuchaphazela ukwenziwa kwesigqibo ukutyekela kwethu ulwazi, ulwazi, okanye isigwebo. Kulo vavanyo ekhangele le ngxaki, abaphandi uBaruch Fischhoff, uPaul Slovic, noSara Lichtenstein (1977) banike inxaxheba kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeengxelo ezineempendulo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba baceliwe ukuba bakhethe impendulo abayikholelwayo eyiyo kwaye bathathele indlela ababeqiniseka ngayo kwiimpendulo zabo. Xa abantu bethetha ukuba babekholelwa kwi-100% kwiimpendulo zabo, bebechanekile malunga ne-80% yexesha.
Ngoko kutheni abantu bevame ukuzithemba ngokwemigwebo yabo?
- Kwiimeko ezininzi, abantu abanokungaqapheli ukuba bangachazi njani malunga nesihloko esithile. Eyona nto, asiyazi into esingaziyo.
- Kwezinye iimeko, ulwazi esinalo malunga nesihloko esithile lungahle lungalunganga okanye luvela kwimithombo engathembekiyo.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni isizathu, ukutyekela ukukwazi ukufumana ulwazi lwethu kungakhokelela kwizigqibo ezimbi. Cinga ukuba uye e Las Vegas kunye nomhlobo. Ubekho khona amaxesha ambalwa ngaphambi kokuba ucinge ukuba uyazi indlela omele uyenze ngayo kwaye uyalela umhlobo wakho ukuba athathe ukuphuma okuthile okholelwa ukuba lichanekileyo.
Ngelishwa, ulahlekise indlela kwaye ukuphuma kuphuma kukungalunganga. Ukuzithemba ngakumbi ngokukwazi kwakho ukuhamba ngendlela ekhokelela ekukhethweni okungalunganga, kwaye wongezelela ixesha elide ekuhambeni kwakho.
Hindsight Bias
Emva kokuba kwenzeke into ethile, ngaba wakha wakhangela emva kweso siganeko kwaye uzive ngathi ufanele ukwazi ukuba yintoni umphumo oza kuba? Kwengqondo, lo mkhuba wokubukela emva ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye kulula ukubona zonke iimpawu ezikhokelela kwisiphumo esithile zibizwa ngokuba yi- hindsight bias . Ngamanye amaxesha ekubhekiswe kuthiwa "Ndiyazi-konke-ndawonye", le nto inokusikholelwa ekubeni sinokwenzeka kwangaphambili kwiimeko ezixhomekeke kwithuba.
Umzekelo, umntu ongencaka unokukholelwa ngokungafanelekileyo ukuba unokukwazi ukuchaza ngokuchanekileyo umphumo womdlalo wamakhadi. Enyanisweni, ayikho indlela akwazi ngayo oko kuza kwenzeka kuba umdlalo usekelwe kwimeko enokwenzeka.
Ulungelelaniso lweZibhalo
Xa senza izigqibo , ngamanye amaxesha sibona ubudlelwane obungekho. Ngokomzekelo, sinokukholelwa ukuba iziganeko ezimbini ezingahambelaniyo zihlobo oluthile lolwalamano nje ngenxa yokuba zenzeke ngexesha elifanayo. Kwamanye amaxesha, ubudlelwane besikhathi esisodwa phakathi kweenguqu ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kunokusenza sicinge ukuba ezi zimbini zixhunyiwe. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba unamava ambi kunye ne-waitress, ungakholelwa ngokugqithiseleyo ukuba onke ama-waitress ahlambalazi.
Lo mkhwa wokubona ubudlelwane apho kungekho nto ikhoyo eyaziwayo kwingqondo njengengqinano engafanelekanga . Ukongeza kokukhokelela kwiinkolelo eziphosakeleyo, ukudibanisa okungaqhelekanga kunokubangela iingxaki kwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo. Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba unomdla wokufumana isilwanyana esitsha kodwa awuqinisekanga ukuba uluhlobo luni lwesilwanyana ongafunayo. Amava amabi abantwana kunye nenja ingakhokelela ukuba ubambe inkolelo yokuphosakela ukuba zonke izinja zinobudlova kwaye zithatha ukuluma. Oku kunokukuchaphazela xa ukhetha ukukhetha malunga nokuba yiyiphi intwanyana ukuze ufumane, kwaye kunokukukhokelela ukuba unqabe ukufumana intshontsho nangona inja ingenokwenza isilwanyana esihle kuwe.