Yintoni eyenza ingxaki yokuqhotyoshelana kunye nendlela yokuyiphatha ngayo
Iintsana ezinxulumene nabantu abadala abanikezela ngononophelo onothando nolunothando. Baqaphela abantu abadala abakhuselayo baze bazinciphe xa beziva bexinezelekile.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, bahlakulela iziqhotyoshelo ezinempilo kubanonophelo babo abaziintloko, njengabazali babo, umboneleli wezinsuku, okanye mhlawumbi nootatomkhulu ochaphazelekayo.
Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, iintsana ziyanzima ukudala ubudlelwane obuhle kunye nomntu omdala ozinzile.
Ngenxa yoko, banokuhlakulela ingxaki yokudibanisa, ingxaki yempilo yengqondo eyenza kube nzima ukwenza ubudlelwane obunempilo kunye nothando.
Iingxaki zeNgcaciso yokuQiniseka kokuSebenzayo
Ingxaki yokuqhotyoshelweyo ingabangela xa abantwana benganikelwa unyameko olufanelekileyo ngabagcini bemihlali abanokuzimela. Ukuba umkhathaleli akasaphenduli ukukhala komntwana okanye umntwana akalondolozwa kwaye uyathandwa, akanakho ukuvelisa isinamathiselo esinempilo.
Nazi ezinye izihlandlo zamaxesha apho umntwana engenako ukukwazi ukufakela isinamathiselo ekhuselekileyo kumnakekeli oyintloko :
- Umama wengane uvalelwe kwaye uqhubeke. Umntwana uhlala nezihlobo ezahlukileyo ngelixa ejele kwaye umntwana akaze abe kwikhaya elide elide ngokwaneleyo ukuba enze udidi oluqinileyo kunye nabani abadala.
- Unina unenkxwaleko . Ngenxa yoko, unzima ukunyamekela umntwana wakhe. Akayiphenduli kuye xa ekhala kwaye engamthandi kakhulu.
- Umntwana ususwe kubazali bakhe abazalelwe waza wafakwa kwinkathalo yabantwana. Uhlala emakhaya amaninzi ahlukeneyo kunyaka-mali. Akenzi ubuhlobo obukhuselekileyo nabani na abanonophelo.
- Abazali ababini baneengxaki zokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi. Ngaphantsi kwefuthe lobisi kunye notywala, abanako ukubonelela abantwana babo ngononophelo olwaneleyo.
- Usana lubekwe kwiinkedama. Kukho abaninzi abanonophelo abanonophelo kodwa umntwana akafanekanga okanye adidiswe xa ekhala. Uchitha ixesha elide kwikhefu.
- Umama omncinci akaqondi ukuphuhliswa komntwana. Akanalo ulwazi lokunyamekela umntwana wakhe ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo. Umntwana akaqabane nonina kuba akaphendulanga neemfuno zakhe.
Naliphi na ixesha kukho ukungahloneli iimfuno zomntwana ngokomzimba okanye ngokomzimba, umntwana angasengozini yokuhlakulela ingxaki yokuqhafaza okusebenzayo. Ukungabikho kokuvuselela kunye nomdla kungabamba indima.
Iimpawu zeNgcaciso yokuQinisekisa okuHlangeneyo
Abantwana abanenkinga yokuqhafaza ngokuthe ngxiba kaninzi bayenqaba ukulandela imigaqo kwaye banokukrazula ngaphandle kwabanye. Kodwa ingxaki yokuqhafaza ngokuthe tye iya ngaphaya kweengxaki zokuziphatha.
Ukuze kulungele ukuxilongwa kweengxaki zokuqhotyoshelweyo, umntwana kufuneka abonise umzekelo ohambelanayo wokuziphatha okungavumelekanga, ukuhoxiswa ngokomzwelo kubanakekeli abadala. Abantwana abanenkinga yokuqhafaza
- Ngokuqhelekileyo okanye ngokukhawuleza ufuna induduzo xa uxinezelekile
- Ngokuqhelekileyo okanye ngokukhawuleza ukuphendula induduzo xa uxinezelekile
Ukuhlangabezana neendlela ezifanelekileyo, kufuneka zibonise ezimbini zeempawu ezilandelayo:
- Impendulo encinci yentlalo kunye nomoya kwabanye
- Iimpembelelo ezintle
- Iziqendu zokungacatshangelwa, ukudandatheka, okanye ukwesaba okubonakalayo ngexesha lokungabikho kokusongela kunye nabantu abadala abadala
Ukongezelela ekuboniseni loo mpawu, umntwana kufuneka abe neembali zokunyamekela okwaneleyo njengoko kubonakaliswe ubuncinane kwezi zinto zilandelayo:
- Utshintsho kubanonophelo abaphambili abanciphisa ithuba lomntwana ukwenza ifomati eqinile
- Ukungabi nako kokufudumala komoya kunye nokuthandwa ngabantu abadala
- Ukukhuliswa kwimeko engavamile eyenza umda wancinci amathuba omntwana wokwenza iziqhotyoshelweyo ezikhethiweyo (njengentandane)
Iimpawu mazibe khona phambi kobudala be-5. Umntwana kufuneka abe nexesha lokuphuhlisa ubuncinane ubuncinane beenyanga ezilisithoba ukuze afumane ukuxilongwa kwengxaki yokuqhotyoshelweyo.
Ubuninzi beNgcaciso yokuQinisekiswa kokuSebenza
Ekubeni ingxaki yokuqhafaza isisombululo isifo esitsha ngokutsha-kwaye abantwana abaninzi bayaphathwa kakubi, abaqinisekanga ukuba baninzi abantwana abanokuhlangabezana nale ndlela. Ngo-2010, uphando oluthile lufumene ngaphantsi kwama-0.4 ekhulwini kwabantwana baseDenmark babenenkinga yokuqhafaza okusebenzayo.
Uphononongo olwenziwa ngo-2013 oluqikelelwe malunga neepesenti ezingama-1.4 zabantwana abahlala kwindawo ehluphekileyo e-United Kingdom babenenkinga yokuxhamla.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba abantwana abasondelene nabantwana-kwaye abo bahlala kwiinkedama-zezindlu zeenkedama-babonisa amazinga aphezulu kakhulu okuxhatshazwayo okuxhamlayo. Imbali yokungabikho kakubi kunye nokuphazamiseka kwenkathalo yabantwana inokunyusa ingozi.
Ingxaki yokuQinisekisa ekuHlanganiseni ichongwa
Ootitshala, ababoneleli bemihla, kunye nabanonophelo bokuqala bayabona ukuba umntwana onenkinga yokuqhafaza okusebenzayo ubonisa imiba yeemvakalelo nokuziphatha.
Uvavanyo olusisigxina ngengcali yezempilo yengqondo lunokumisela ukuba umntwana unengxaki yokuqhafaza.
Uvavanyo luquka:
- Ukuqwalasela ngokucacileyo umntwana osebenzisana nomnakekeli
- Ingxelo epheleleyo yophuhliso lomntwana kunye nemeko yokuphila
- Udliwano-ndlebe kunye nabanonophelo abakhulu bokufunda ngakumbi malunga neendlela zokubeletha
- Ukuqwalasela ukuziphatha komntwana
Kukho ezinye iimeko ezinokuthi ziveze ngeempawu ezifanayo zokuziphatha okanye iimpawu zokuziphatha. Iingcali zempilo yengqondo ziza kugqiba ukuba impawu zomntwana zingachazwa ngezinye iimeko ezifana nale:
- Izilungiso zokulungiswa
- Ingxaki yoxinzelelo emva kwesifo
- Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo
- Autism
- Izifo zengqondo
Ngamanye amaxesha, abantwana abaneengxaki zokudibanisa ngokuthe tye Uphando lubonisa ukuba abantwana abanenkinga yokuxhamla bafumana amazinga aphezulu e- ADHD , iingxaki zokukhathazeka , kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha .
Imbali yesiCwangciso soKhuseleko lweNgcaciso yeSifo sokuHlola
Ingxaki yokuqhotyoshelweyo ixilongo olutsha. Kwaqala kuqala ngo-1980.
Ngowe-1987, ezimbini iingxenyana zengxaki yokuqhafaza ezisebenzayo zaziswa; ivalwe kwaye ikhutshwe. Ngo-2013, ukuxilongwa kwahlaziywa kwakhona. I-DSM-5 ibhekisela kuhlobo olungasinakukhutshwa njengemeko eyahlukileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-disinhibited disorder's engagement disorder.
Ingxaki yokuxhatshazwa kwezenhlalakahle ekukhutshweni kwezentlalo yinkinga yokuncedisa ebangelwa ukungabikho kokuqhotyoshelweyo okukhuselekileyo kunye nomncedisi-onjenge-disactive attachment disorder. Abantwana abanokuthintela indlela yokusebenzisana neengxaki zentlalo kunye nokusebenzisana nabantu abadala abangaqhelekanga ngaphandle kokwesaba. Bahlala bekulungele ukuhamba nomfokazi ngaphandle kokungabaza.
IsiCwangciso sokuThathelana kweziNyango eziLawulayo
Isinyathelo sokuqala ekuphatheni umntwana ngengxaki yokuqhotyoshelana nesifo esithintekayo kuquka ukuqinisekisa ukuba umntwana unikwe indawo enothando, enokhathalelayo neyozinzile. Ulwaphulo aluyi kusebenza xa umntwana eqhubeka ehamba esuka kwikhaya elikhuselekileyo ukuze ahlale ekhaya okanye ukuba uyaqhubeka ehlala kwindawo yokuhlala kunye nabanonophelo abangekho.
Ulwaphulo oluqhelekileyo lubandakanya umntwana kunye nomzali okanye umnakekeli oyintloko. Umncedisi ufundiswe ngxaki yokuqhotyoshelweyo kunye nokunikezelwa ngolwazi malunga nendlela yokwakha ithemba kunye nokuphuhlisa uxhamlo oluhle.
Ngamanye amaxesha, abaxhasi babakhuthazwa ukuba baye kwiiklasi zabazali ukuba bafunde indlela yokulawula iingxaki zokuziphatha. Yaye ukuba umkhathaleli unzima ukubonelela umntwana ngomfudumalo nangothando, ukuqeqeshwa komzali kunokunikwa ukuba kuncede umntwana azive ekhuselekileyo kwaye ethandwa.
Iingxaki ezingaboniswanga
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, amanye amaziko enyango asebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zokuphikisana nabantwana abaneengxaki zokuqhafaza.
Ngokomzekelo, ukubamba unyango kubandakanya umgqirha okanye umgcini-mntwana onqanda umntwana. Umntwana kulindeleke ukuba ahambe uluhlu lweemvakalelo de ekugqibeleni ekuyeke ukulwa naye. Ngelishwa, abanye abantwana baye bafa ngoxa bevinjelwe.
Olunye unyango oluphikisanayo lubandakanya ukuvuselelwa kwakhona. Ngexesha lokuzalwa kwakhona, abantwana abane-disability attachment disorder bahlanganiswe ngeengubo zeembotyi kwaye abaphengululi balingisa inkqubo yokubhinqa ngokusebenza njengokuba umntwana ehamba ngomsele wokuzalwa. Ukuzalwa kwakhona kwakungekho mthethweni kumazwe ambalwa emva kokuba umntwana ehluthwe.
Umbutho we-American Psychiatric Association kunye ne-American Academy of Child kunye ne-Adolescent Psychiatry lumkisa malunga nokuthintela imithi kunye nobuchule bokuvuselela. Ezi ndlela zithathwa njengezingcaphephe kwaye akukho bungqina bokuba banciphisa iimpawu ezihambelanayo nengxaki yokuncedisa.
Ukuba ucinga naluphi na unyango ongowona wesintu kumntwana wakho, kubalulekile ukuthetha nodokotela wengane yakho ngaphambi kokuqala unyango.
Isibhengezo sexesha elide kwabantwana abane-Disabled Attachment Disorder
Ngaphandle kokonyango, umntwana onenkinga yokuqhafaza ngokuthe ngcikiyo angakwazi ukufumana iingxaki eziqhubekayo zentlalo, iimvakalelo kunye nokuziphatha. Kwaye oko kunokubeka umntwana engozini kwiingxaki ezinkulu njengoko ekhula.
Abaphandi baqikelela ukuba ama-52 ekhulwini abaphulaphuli abancinci banenkinga yokuncedisa okanye ingxaki yokuxhamla umda. Uninzi lwaloo mfana lwaluye lwajongelwa kakubi okanye lugxothwa ngethuba lobomi.
Ukungenelela kwangethuba kunokuba lube luphambili ekuncedeni abantwana ukuba bathuthele iziqhotyoshelweyo ezinobomi ngaphambili. Kwaye ngokukhawuleza bafumana unyango, iingxaki ezimbalwa abanokuba nazo emva kwexesha.
Indlela Yokunciphisa Umngcipheko Wengxaki Yokuncedisa Okusebenzayo
Kukho iindlela eziliqela apho abanonophelo bokuqala abanokukwazi ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba umntwana uya kuhlakulela ingxaki yokuqhotyoshelweyo.
- Zifundise malunga nophuhliso lwabantwana. Ukufunda indlela yokuphendula kwimiba yengane yakho nendlela yokuncedisa ukunciphisa ingcinezelo yengane inokuba luncedo ekuphuhliseni isinamathiselo esinempilo.
- Ukubonelela ngenyameko. Ukudlala nomntwana wakho, ukumfunda kuye, kunye nokukhwela naye kunokunceda ukuseka ubudlelwane obunothando noluthembayo.
- Ukukhulisa umntwana wakho. Izinto eziqhelekileyo zemihla ngemihla, njengokutshintsha i-diaper yomntwana kwaye uyondla, ngamathuba okubambisana.
- Funda malunga nemiba eqhotyoshelweyo. Ukuba ukhulisa umntwana onomlando wokungahoywa, ukuphathwa kakubi, okanye ukuphazamiseka komnakekeli, zifundise malunga nemiba eqhotyoshelweyo.
Kuphi Ukufumana Uncedo
Ukuba unenkxalabo yokuba umntwana wakho unokufumana ingxaki yomzwelo okanye yokuziphatha, qalisa ngokuthetha nodokotela wengane yakho. Udokotela wezingane unokuhlalutya umntwana wakho kwaye anqume ukuba ukuhanjiswa kumboneleli wezempilo yengqondo kulungile.
> Imithombo:
> I-Mayes SD, iCalhoun SL, i-DA ye-Waschbusch, i-Breaux RP, i-Baweja R. Isiqhotyoshelo sokuthintela / ukukhubaza ukungabikho kokubandakanyeka kwezentlalo: Ukuziphatha okungahambi ngokungahambelani kunye neengxaki ezidityanisiweyo. Uphando kwiZakhono zokuPhuhlisa . 2017; 63: 28-37.
> Minnis H, Macmillan S, uPritchett R, et al. Ubuninzi benkinga yokuqhotyoshelweyo yokuhlala kunye nabantu abathintekayo. I-British Journal ye-Psychiatry . 2013; 202 (5): 342-346.
> Moran K, Mcdonald J, Jackson A, Turnbull S, Minnis H. Uphononongo lweengxaki zokuqhotyoshelweyo kumatyala amancinci aya kwiinkonzo zengcali. UkuShatshazwa kwabantwana kunye nokunganakwa . 2017; 65: 77-87.
> Skovgaard, AM Iingxaki zempilo yengqondo kunye ne-psychopathology kwasebuntwaneni nasebuncinaneni. Ucwaningo lwe-epidemiological. IDanish Medical Bulletin. 2010; 57: 193.