Ngaba uke waphawula ukuba uluhlu lwezinto ezikhanyayo zibonakala zihamba njani, njengezibonakaliso ze-neon okanye izibane zeKrisimesi? Ngokutsho kwengqondo ye-Gestalt, le ntshukumo ebonakalayo kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba iingcinga zethu zizalisa ulwazi olungekhoyo. Le nkolelo yokuba lonke likhulu kunexabiso lazo zizathu zikhokelela ekufumaneni izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezenzeka ngexesha lokujonga.
Umthetho wokuvalwa ngumzekelo omnye womthetho weGestalt wenhlangano eqondayo. Ngokwalo mgaqo, izinto ezihlala kwimeko yendalo zihlala zibonwa njengenxalenye yonke. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iingcinga zethu ziya kuzalisa ulwazi olungekhoyo ukudala imilo ehambelanayo.
Imbali emfutshane yeMithetho yeGestalt
Ingqondo yeGestalt yasungulwa ngabalingisi baseJalimane uMax Wertheimer, uWolfgang Kohler noKurt Koffka kwaye bagxininisa indlela abantu abayichaza ngayo ihlabathi. Umbono we-Gestalt wenziwa ngokukodwa njengempendulo kwisakhiwo sakwaWilhelm Wundt , oye wagxininisa ekuphuleni iziganeko zengqondo kunye namava kwizinto ezincinci.
UMax Wertheimer uqaphele ukuba ukulandelelana ngokukhawuleza kweziganeko ezibonakalayo, njengemiqolo yezibane ezikhanyayo, ukudala ukunyaniseka kwesikhala nangona kungekho. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba yi-phi phenomenon. Imifanekiso yeMotion isekelwe kulo mgaqo, kunye nohlu lweemifanekiso ezibonakalayo ngokulandelelana ngokukhawuleza ukuba zenze amava angabonakaliyo.
Ngokutsho kwengqondo ye-Gestalt, yonke into eyahlukileyo isahluko seengxenye zayo. Ngokusekelwe kule nkolelo, i-Gestalt yeengqondo zakha imigaqo yemigaqo yokucacisa intlangano yokuqonda, okanye ukuba izinto ezincinci ziqokelelwe ukuba zenze ezinkulu. Le migaqo idlalwa ngokuba "yimithetho yombutho oqondayo."
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ngelixa i-Gestalt zengqondo zibiza le "mithetho," ixesha elichanekileyo liza kuba "imigaqo yombutho wokuqonda." Le migaqo ifana ne- heuristics , eziyimigqabantshintshi yengqondo yokuxazulula iingxaki.
Landela iziqulatho ezingezantsi ukufumana ulwazi olungakumbi kunye nemizekelo yemithetho eyahlukeneyo yeGestalt yombutho oqondayo.
1 - Umthetho ofanayo
Umthetho wokufana ubonisa ukuba izinto ezifanayo zivame ukubonakala zihlanganiswe. Ukwahlula kunokwenzeka kwizinto ezibonwayo kunye nezicatshungululo. Kulo mfanekiso ngasentla, umzekelo, mhlawumbi ubona iqela leembalo ezinemibala njengemiqolo kunokuba nje iqoqo lamachaphaza.
2 - Umthetho wePragnanz
Igama elithi pragnanz ligama lesiJalimane elisentsingiselo ethi "umhlobo omhle." Ngamanye amaxesha umthetho wePragnanz ubizwa ngokuba ngumthetho womntu omhle okanye umthetho wokulula. Lo mthetho uthatha ukuba izinto zendalo ziyabonakala ngendlela eyenza zibonakala zilula njengoko zinokwenzeka.
Uyabona umfanekiso ongentla ngentlawulelo yezibonda ezitshatyalazayo kunokuba kufakwe i-equortment yemigca edibeneyo, exhunyiwe.
3 - Umthetho woLungelelaniso
Ngokomthetho wokusondela, izinto eziseduze zibonakala zihlanganiswe. Kulo mfanekiso ungentla, izangqa ngakwesobunxele zibonakala ziyinxalenye yeqela elilodwa ngelixa abo babonakala bekunjalo beyingxenye yenye. Ngenxa yokuba izinto zisondelelana, siyazihlanganisa ndawonye.
4 - Umthetho wokuqhubeka
Umthetho wokuqhubeka ubeka ukuba amaphuzu axhunyiwe ngemigca echanekileyo okanye ejikelezayo ibonakala ngendlela elandela indlela elula. Kunokuba sibone imizila ehlukeneyo kunye neengcongolo, imigca ibonakala njengeyodwa.
5 - Umthetho wokuvalwa
Ngokuya komthetho wokuvalwa, izinto zihlanganiswe ndawonye xa zibonakala zigqiba enye into. Ubulumko bethu buhlala bengawuthobeli ulwazi olungavumelaniyo kwaye bazalise ikhefu ngolwazi. Kulo mfanekiso ungentla, mhlawumbi ubona imilo yesangqa kunye nomxube ngenxa yokuba ubuchopho bakho buzalisa izikhefu ezingekhoyo ukuze wenze umfanekiso onentsingiselo.
6 - UMthetho weSizwe esiqhelekileyo
Umthetho weGestalt wombutho ocacileyo ukhombisa ukuba izinto ezihlanganiswe ndawonye kwindawo efana nendawo zivame ukuhlanganiswa. Ngokomzekelo, khawucinge ukuba kukho imilo emithathu ye-oval efakwe kwisiqwenga samaphepha kunye namachaphaza amabini asekupheleni komgcini. Ama-ovals alungile kunye nomnye ukwenzela ukuba icwecwe ekupheleni kwesinye se-oval sisondele ngakumbi kwinqanaba ekupheleni kwe-oval ehlukeneyo. Nangona kufutshane kwamachaphaza, ezi zimbini zingaphakathi kwe-oval nganye zibonwa njengeqela kunokuthi amachaphaza asondelene kakhulu.
ILizwi
Imithetho ye-Gestalt yombutho ocacileyo ibonisa imigaqo yemigaqo yokuqonda ezinye iindlela ezisebenza ngayo. Uphando olutsha luqhubela phambili ukunika ulwazi malunga nokuqonda kunye nendlela esiyibona ngayo ihlabathi.
Le migaqo yemibutho idlala indima ekuboneni, kodwa kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba le migaqo ngamanye amaxesha ingakhokelela kwimibono engalunganga yehlabathi. Ngokomzekelo, cingela ukuba uphuma emaphandleni ngemini emini xa ubona into ebonakala ngathi i-moose emva kwesihlahla esikhulu. Ngokukhawuleza uqala ukuhamba kuloo ndawo ukuqinisekisa ukuba awuphazamisi isilwanyana, kodwa njengoko uhamba ngeenxa zonke uyaqaphela ukuba "i-moose" emva komthi ngokwenene nje imithi emibili enkulu ephukileyo yomthi. Ngenxa yomthetho we-Gestalt wokuqhubeka, uqikelele ukubunjwa kwezinto ezimbini njengento enye eqhubekayo, apho ingqondo yakho isichazwa njengento.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ngelixa le migaqo ibhekiselwa kuyo njengemithetho yombutho oqondayo, ngokwenene i-heuristics okanye i-shortcut-cuttings. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zenzelwe ukukhawuleza, yikho kutheni iinkqubo zethu zokuqonda zizenza iimpazamo kwaye sinokungaqondi kakuhle.
> Imithombo:
> Goldstein, EB. Ukuqonda kunye nePerception. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth Cengage Learning; 2010.
> Goldstein, EB. I-Psychology yeCognitive: Inxibelelaniso Yengqondo, uphando kunye neNkcazelo yamaBanga onke. EBelmont, CA: iWadworth Cengage Learning; 2011.
> Nevid, JS. Izinto ezibalulekileyo zeengqondo: Iingcamango kunye nezicelo. IBoston, MA: UkuFunda kweCengage; 2018.