Abantwana kufuneka babe noloyiko oluhle lwabafokazi.
Abantwana kufuneka babe noloyiko oluhle kubantu abangaqhelekanga. Kodwa abantwana abanenkinga yokuzibandakanya entlalontweni abanesimo sokungabikho abantu abangaziwayo.
Enyanisweni, bahlala bekhululekile kwiindawo ezingaqhelekanga ukuba abanakucinga kabini malunga nokunyuka emotweni yemzini okanye bamkele isimemo kwikhaya lasemzini. Ubuhlobo babo kubantu abangabaziyo bunokuba yingxaki enkulu yokhuseleko ukuba ingxaki ingashiywanga.
Akukho Ukhetho lwabaNonophelo kwabasemzini
Uninzi lwa bantwana lufuna induduzo kwaye ludibane nabanonophelo babo abaziintloko. Ngoko-oneminyaka emine ubudala onempilo owela kwindawo yokudlala kunye nezikhumba ixolo lakhe liyakuthi likhangele uMama, uTata, okanye umnakekeli owamngenisa kwindawo yokudlala.
Kodwa umntwana onenkinga yokuzibandakanya entlalweni angakwazi ukufikelela kumntu ongeyena mntu ongenako ukufumana inkxaso ngenkxaso. Unokuxelela umntu odlulayo odlulayo aze acele uncedo okanye ahlale emgodini wesinye isizwe aze aqale ukukhala.
Oku kungadideka kakhulu kubantu abadala. Kwaye kunokubangela uxinzelelo kumnakekeli womntwana ukuba abukele umntwana asebenzisana nabantu abadala abangaqhelekanga ngaphandle kokungabaza kwexesha.
Izibonakaliso zeNgcaciso yokuHlanganiswa kweziNtu
Ukuphazamiseka kwengxaki yokubandakanya intlalontle kwangoko kwakuyi-subtype yongxaki yokuqhotyoshelweyo . Kodwa, uxwebhu lwesihlanu lwe- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual lwenze ukuba kubekho ukuphazamiseka kwengxaki yokubandakanya intlalo ngokuxilongwa ngokupheleleyo.
Ukuze uhlangabezane nemigangatho yokukhubaza ukungabikho kokubandakanyeka kwezentlalo, umntwana kufuneka abonise umzekelo wokuziphatha oquka ukufikelela nokusebenzisana nabantu abadala abangaqhelekanga kunye ubuncinane ezimbini kwezi zinto zilandelayo:
- Ukunciphisa okanye ukungabikho kwamandla ekufikeleleni nasekusebenzisaneni nabantu abadala abangaqhelekanga
- Ukuziphatha okuqhelekileyo okuthethayo okanye ukuziphatha okungahambisani nemimiselo yentlalo efanelekileyo kunye nefanelekileyo
- Ukunciphisa okanye ukungabikho ukujonga emva komncedisi omdala emva kokuhamba, nakwiindlela zokungaqhelekanga
- Ukuzimisela ukuhamba kunye nomntu ongaqhelekanga ongenalwazi okanye ongathandabuzekiyo
Umntwana uya kuhlangabeza imigaqo yokukhubaza ingxaki yokubandakanya intlalo ukuba loo miqobo ayiyi kuvela kwingxaki yokulawula ingxaki. Ngako-ke, ngelixa umntwana ophethe i- ADHD angabaleka kwindawo yokudlala kwaye akhohlwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba umama ujikelezile, umntwana onokukhubazeka kwentsebenziswano yokuzibandakanya intlalo uya kuguqulwa ngaphandle kokunika umama ingcamango yesibini kuba akayiva isidingo sokuqinisekisa ukuba ujikeleze.
Ukongezelela, umntwana uya kuhlangabezana neendlela zokukhubaza ukungathinteki kwentsebenziswano xa sele uye wafumana imbali yokunganakwa njengoko kuboniswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Ukunganakwa kwezenhlalakahle kuquka ukusilela okuqhubekayo kokufumana iimfuno ezingundoqo zentuthuzelo, ukuvuselela kunye nokuthanda ukudibana nabantu abadala
- Utshintsho oluphindaphindiweyo lwabaxhasi bonyango olukhawulela amathuba okwenza iziqhotyoshelweyo ezizinzile
- Ukuveliswa kwezicwangciso ezingavumelekanga ezinciphisa amathuba okwenza iziqhotyoshelweyo ezikhethiweyo, njengesiko esinama-high-to-caregiver ratios ratios
Ukuba umntwana ubonisa ukuziphatha kweenyanga ezili-12, le ngxaki ibonwa njengento eqhubekayo. Kwakhona kunokuchazwa njengobunzima xa umntwana ebonisa iimpawu kumaqondo aphezulu.
Ngenxa yokuba ukungakhuselekanga kwintlupheko yokubandakanya intlalo kubangelwa ukunganyaniseki, kunokuthi kwenzeke kunye nezinye iziphazamiso ezifana nokulibaziseka nolwimi okanye ukungondleki.
Ubunzima Ukuhlukanisa Ngubani Othembekileyo
Abantwana abancinci aluncedo ekuchongeni abaxhamli. Kodwa, ininzi yabo ihlala ilumkele ngabantu abangabaziyo.
Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba abantwana bavavanya okokuqala ngokuthembeka komntu ngokusekelwe kwindalo yomntu.
Bayakwazi ukwenza izigwebo malunga nokuba umntu ongowomntu ubonakala onomusa okanye uthetha ngokusekelwe kumntu ngamnye.
Kodwa iingcaphephe zengqondo zengqondo ziye zafumanisa ukuba abantwana abanokukhubaza ukuxhatshazwa kweentlalo bangakwazi ukubandlulula phakathi komntu obonakala enomusa kwaye ekhuselekileyo kumntu obonakala efuna ukungaqiniseki.
Ubunzima babo ngokubongwa kwangaphakathi kunokubangela ukuba bazimisele ukuthetha nabantu abangaziwayo okanye ukubandakanya nabantu abangaqhelekanga kuba becinga ukuba wonke umntu ulungile.
Izingane Ziyakuthanda Ububele Kubani na
Abantwana abanomdla wokuthintela intlalo kunye nomnye umntu. Ekubeni abanakukwazi ukuba ngubani okhuselekileyo kwaye ongekho, bangabonisa uthando kumntu obanikela ingqalelo.
Akuyinto engavamile ukuba umntwana akhonze umfokazi kwivenkile okanye agxininise ingxoxo malunga nemiba yakhe kunye nomntu ongaziwayo kwindawo yokudlala. Basenokuhlala phantsi kunye nosapho epakini ngokungathi bayamenywa kwipikiniki.
Izinto eziba negalelo ekukhutshweni kweNgcaciso yokuHlaliswa kweNtlalo
Ukuphazamiseka kwengxaki yokuzibandakanya kwentlalo akubangelwa ukufakwa kwinkathalo. Kwaye umntwana akayi kuphuhlisa ngoba unina wayibeka ecaleni lakhe ngezinye izikhathi xa ekhala.
Abantwana kuphela bahlakulele ukukhubaza ingxaki yokubandakanya intlalo xa bebekelwe ingqalelo enkulu njengabantwana.
Ukunganakwa ngexesha lokusana kuphazamisa ukudibanisa kunye nokuqhagamshela. Kwaye kuphazamisa amandla abo okuhlakulela ubudlelwane obuthembayo kunye nabanononophelo kamva ebomini.
Iintsana zifunda ukuzithemba abantu abanonophelo xa abanakekeli babo bephendula kwiimfuno zabo. Umntwana olilayo odlayo ufunda ukuba unokuthembela kunina. Okanye umntwana okhalayo othotywayo aze afunde ukuba uyise ukhona kuye.
Xa abantwana bekhatyathwa, abanako ukudibana nabanononophelo babo. Umntwana okhalayo ongathandwangayo unokukholelwa ukuba akukho mntu ukhona kuye. Okanye umntwana oshiywe ngokungalindelanga ixesha elininzi ngokubandakanyeka kwentlalontle angenzi luhlobo lolwalamano nomnakekeli. Ngenxa yoko, loo mntwana usenokuba ngumngcipheko wesifo sokuncedisa.
Kodwa, akubona bonke abantwana abangahoywa yintlupheko yokuhlakulela ingxaki yokubandakanya intlalo. Abaninzi babo baqhubeka ukudala ubudlelwane obunempilo ngaphandle kwemiba enomdla.
Abazali Abazali kunye nabazali abazithandayo mababe kwi-Lookout
Ukuxhatshazwa kokungabikho kokubandakanyeka kwentlalo kubangelwa ukunganyaniseki kwiinyanga ezimbalwa zokuqala zobomi. Akukho bubungqina bokuthi ukunganaki ukuqala emva kweminyaka engama-2 kuncedisa kwisifo.
Ngako oko abazali abangabantwana, ootatomkhulu, abazali abavayo, okanye abanye abanomdla abaqala ukukhuphula iinyanga okanye umntwana emva kokuzalwa bangaziqonda iimpawu. Kungenxa yokuba umntwana engasayi kutyeshwa ayithethi ukuba akasengozini yokuphuhlisa umbandela.
Ingxaki ayinakubonakala kwaze kube yithuba elide emva kwemiba yokunyanzeliswa isisombululo. Ngoko umzali okhulayo okhulisa umntu oneminyaka engu-8 unokubona iimpawu zesifo. Okanye, umntwana owamkelwa kwinkedama angabonisa iimpawu eziphantse kwi-5 ubudala.
Ukuthintela njani ukukhutshwa kweziNguqulelo zoLuntu kwiNguqulelo kwiMinyaka
Ngokuqhelekileyo abantwana abaqala ukubonisa ukungabikho koyiko kubantu abadala abangaqhelekanga. Bangabamba izandla kunye nomfokazi okanye bahlale emgqeni womntu abadibana nabo.
Ngexesha leminyaka yokufundela, abantwana abanokuxhatshazwa kweengxaki zokuzibandakanya kwezentlalo bayaqhubeka bekhululekile kakhulu kunye nabantu abangaziwayo kodwa baqala ukubonisa ukuziphatha okufunayo. Ngoko-oneminyaka engama-4 ubudala angenza imisindo ephakamileyo kwindawo yokudlala ukufumana abantu abadala abangaqhelekanga ukuba bamkhangele.
Ngethuba lobuncinci bebuntwaneni, abantwana bavame ukubonisa ukungaqhelekanga ngokwemvakalelo nangokwenyama kunye nokubonakalisa okubonakalayo kwemvakalelo. Ngoko umntwana oneminyaka engama-9 unokuhleka xa abanye behleka okanye angabonakala edabukisayo ukuze asebenze imeko, kunokuba aphelelwe yintswelo yangempela. Kwakhona unokuthetha izinto ezinje, "Ndifuna ukuya endlwini yakho," kungekudala xa edibana nomntu omtsha.
Iintsholongwane ezinokuxhatshazwa kweengxaki zentlalo yoluntu zingabangela iingxaki zabo ontanga. Bavame ukuhlakulela ubudlelwane obungakumbi kunye nabanye kwaye bahlala bejamelana neengxabano. Baqhubeka nokuziphatha ngokungakhethi kubantu abadala.
Ziyintoni na eziqhelekileyo zokuKhuselwa kweNtlalo?
Ukuphazamiseka kwengxaki yokubambisana kwezentlalo akunakwenzeka. Abantwana abaye bakhuliswa kumaziko afana neenkedama, okanye abo bahlala kwiindawo ezininzi zokunyamekela abantwana, basengozini enkulu yokuphuhlisa imeko.
Izifundo ziye zafumanisa ukuba malunga neepesenti ezingama-20 zabantwana abasengozini enkulu yokuhlakulela ingxaki yokuzibandakanya kwentlalo. Abantwana abaninzi abanembali yokusetyenziswa gadalala okanye ukunyanzeliswa akuyikuhlakulela nayiphi na ingxaki yokuncedisa.
Iingozi kunye neziphumo ezidibanisene ne-Disinhibited Disagree Disagement Disorder
Kubalulekile ukuba abantwana bakwazi ukwesaba ngokusemthethweni abantu abangaziwa kunye nabantu abanokulimaza. Ngoko ukukhulisa umntwana onokukhubaza ingxaki yokuzibandakanya kwentlalo kunokudideka kwaye kuthusa abantu abanonophelo.
Umntwana oneminyaka engama-4 unokugxotha kunye nomfokazi kwivenkile okanye uneminyaka engama-9 ubudala angangena kwikhaya lommelwane ngaphandle kokucinga kabini malunga neemeko zokuphepha.
Abanakekeli abakhulisa umntwana abanokukhubaza ingxaki yokubandakanya intlalo kufuneka bahlale bebukele ukuqinisekisa ukuba umntwana akazifaki kwiimeko eziyingozi. Basenokudinga ukungenelela rhoqo ukukhusela umntwana ukuba angabandakanyeki nabantu abangabaziyo.
Abantwana abanomzabalazo wenkxalabo yokuxhamla ukuphucula ubudlelwane obuhle kunye nootitshala, abaqeqeshi, ababoneleli bemihla ngemihla, oontanga kunye nabanye. Ukuziphatha kwabo kuya kuthusa kwiintsapho okanye nabanye abazali abangaqhelani nesi sifo.
Ngeli xesha, kukho uphando oluthile malunga nemiphumo emide yexesha elide lokuphazamiseka kwengxaki yokubandakanya intlalo. Akucaci ukuba ingaba nomthelela njani umntu ngexesha lomdala.
Unyango lwe-Disinhibited Social Disagement Disorder
Kubalulekile kubantwana abaneengxaki zokuqhafaza ukufumana unyameko oluqhubekayo ukusuka kubanakekeli abazinzile. Umntwana oqhubeka ehamba esuka kwikhaya elikhuselekileyo ukukhusela ikhaya okanye umntu oqhubekayo ukuba abekwe maziko akanakuphucula.
Kodwa xa kusekwe unyameko oluqhubekayo, unyango luyaqala ukunceda ukuqinisa ubophelelo phakathi komntwana kunye nomncedisi oyintloko.
Iziphazamiso zokuqhotyoshelweyo azithengi ngokwabo. Ngoko kubalulekile ukufuna unyango lobugcisa. Unyango luquka ulwaphulo olubandakanya womntwana kunye nabanakekeli. Izicwangciso zonyango zikhethwe ngabanye, nangona kunjalo, ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno neempawu ezikhethekileyo zemntwana.
Ukuba uyakrokrela umntwana onenkathalo yakho unokufumana ingxaki yokuncedisa, khuluma nomntwana wezingane. Umntwana wakho uya kubhekiselwa kwingcali yezempilo yengqondo ngokuhlola okubanzi.
> Imithombo:
> I-American Psychiatric Association. Incwadana yokuxilonga kunye neenkcukacha zeengxaki zeengqondo (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Ukushicilela i-Psychiatric yaseMerika; 2013.
> UBennett J, uEspie C, uDuncan B, iMinnis H. Ukuhlola ngokufanelekileyo kweNtetho yokuBonisana kwabantwana. I-Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry . 2009; 14 (4): 595-618.
> Harris PL, iCorriveau KH. Ithemba lokuKhethwa kwabantwana abaselula kwizaziso. I nkcubeko iguquka . 2011: 431-446.
> Miellet S, Caldara R, Gillberg C, uRaju M, Minnis H. Ukukhutshwa komonakalo okhuselekileyo wokumathinteka kweempawu kuphazamisa izahlulelo zentlalo ebusweni. Uphando loPhando . 2014; 215 (3): 747-752.