ULee Terman wayengumbhali weengqondo ochaphazelekayo owaziwa ngenguqu yakhe ye-Stanford-Binet yovavanyo lwengqondo kunye nesifundo sakhe sobude obude. Uphando lwakhe luhlolisiso olude kakhulu olude olude luye lwaqhutywa. Umsebenzi wakhe wongezelela igalelo elibalulekileyo ekuqondeni ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luthonya njani impumelelo yobomi, impilo kunye neziphumo.
Eyaziwayo kakhulu:
- I-Genetic Studies of Genius
- Oovulindlela bezobugcisa bezengqondo
- Eugenics
- Uphuhliso olungaphezulu kunye nokucocwa kovavanyo lweBinet-Simon IQ
- Uvavanyo lwengqondo
Ubomi bokuqala bukaLee Terman
ULee Madison Terman ngu-12 wabantwana abazalwa ngoJanuwari 15, 1877 kwintsapho yokulima e-Indiana. Nangona abambalwa bakhe ontanga bafunda ngaphaya kwebanga lesi-8, i-Terman yayingumabhinqa kunye nesifiso. Amava akhe okuqala mhlawumbi okwenzela ukukhwela kwakhe emva kokufunda ukuhlakanipha kunye nobuchule.
Ukuxhaswa ngemali mboleko kwintsapho yakhe, i-Terman igqibe ii-BS, i-BP kunye ne-BA kwiiKholeji eziPhakathi eziqhelekileyo ngo-1894 nangomnyaka we-1898. Wabe eseya kuzuza i-BA ne-MA evela e-Indiana University eBloomington ngo-1903. Ngo-1905, wathola i-PhD yakhe kwi-Psychology evela kwiYunivesithi yaseClake.
Umsebenzi kunye nophando
Inkcazo ye-PhD ye-Terman igxininise kwiimvavanyo zengqondo ezingasetyenziselwa ukwahlula abafundi abanesakhono kubafundi ababenokukhubazeka.
Wayevelisa iimvavanyo ezilinganisa ubuchule obunzima bokuqonda kunye nokubandakanya amanyathelo okudala, ubuchule beemathematika, imemori , izakhono zezithuthi, ingqiqo kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwimi.
Emva kokugqwesa, waqala ukusebenza njengenqununu yesikolo eCalifornia kwaye kwiminyaka emibini kamva waba nguprofesa waseLos Angeles Normal School.
Ngomnyaka we-1910, waba nguprofesa kwiYunivesithi yeStford, apho wayeza kuhlala khona de wafa ngo-1956.
Emva kokuba nguprofesa waseStford, waqalisa ukuhlaziya iinqununu zeBinet-Simon zangaphambili zokusetyenziswa kunye nabantu baseMerika. Inguqulelo yakhe ehlaziywayo yolu vavanyo yaziwa ngokuba yiStanford-Binet kwaye yaqhubeka yaba yindlela yokuhlola i-IQ kakhulu . Ukongezelela ukuhlaziya uvavanyo lwangaphambili, waqala ukusebenzisa ifom echaphazelekayo ekuthatheni ubudala bengqondo, eyahlula ngokwexesha lokulandelana kweminyaka, kwaye ephindaphindiweyo ngama-100 ukuba afike kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-quotient okanye i-IQ.
Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kokubanzi kokuhlolwa kwe-Terman kwenzeka ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala, apho uvavanyo lwaluhlengahlengiswa kunye nolunye uvavanyo olwenziwe kwiAlf ye-Army (i-text based based) kunye ne-Alpha beta (esekelwe kwimifanekiso). Izigidi zamajoni zanikezelwa ezi vavanyo, kwaye abo bafumana amanqaku "A" baphakanyiswa ukuba baqeqeshe igosa ngelixa abo bafumana "D" okanye "E" bengazange banikwe olo qeqesho.
I-Terman yayiyi-eugenicist eyaziwayo, ngokukhawulela uGalton njengempembelelo enkulu. Ngesinye isihlandlo, waqhuba iimvavanyo zesiNgesi kubafundi baseSpeyin-abathethi kunye nabafundi abamnyama abangafundile kwaye baphetha ukuba amanqaku aphantsi ayenayo ngenxa yelifa kunye nohlanga.
I-Terman yayisilungu leSiseko seNtlalo seNtlalo, iqela elikhuthaza, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukunyanzeliswa kwezinto ezibonakala zingenakufaneleka.
Study Termini's Genius Study
Ngo-1921, u-Terman waqala "i-Genetic Studies of Genius," isifundo esiphezulu esicwangcisiweyo ukuphanda ukuba ngaba abafundi be-IQ abaphezulu baphumelela ebomini . Oko akufumanisa kukuba izifundo zakhe eziphezulu ze-IQ (awayebhekisele kuzo ngokuthi "Iimigomo") zazihlala ziphilile, zide, kwaye zilungelelaniswe noluntu kunabanye abantwana.
Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zakhe, i-Terman icetyiswa ukuba abantwana abanikezelweyo kufuneka baqatshelwe kwangaphambili, banikezwe imfundo elungelelanisiweyo, kwaye banokufikelela kubafundisi abaqeqeshwe ngokukhethekileyo.
I-Terman yafumanisa ukuba ngelixa ezininzi zezifundo zayo ze-IQ ziphumelele kakhulu, akuzona zonke izinto eziye zaphumelela kwaye ininzi ayiphendulanga ngaphezu kohlobo. Wafumanisa ukuba abo baphela ukuba baphumelele kakhulu bavame ukulinganisa phezulu ngokuzithemba, ukunyamezela, kunye nokujoliswa kwinjongo njengabantwana.
Uphononongo luqhubeka nanamhlanje, olwenziwa ngabanye abaphathi beengqondo, kwaye luye lwaba luncedo olude kunabo bonke kwimbali.
Khetha Ushicilelo
I-Terman yashicilela inani leencwadi kunye namanqaku acacisa uphando olwenzayo ekhangela ukuhlola kunye ne-IQ yokuhlola. Ezinye zezi ziquka:
I-Terman, uLM (1916). Ukulinganiswa koBulumko: Inkcazo yesiGqeba esipheleleyo sokusetyenziswa kweStanford Ukuhlaziywa nokuLandiswa kweBinet-Simon Intelligence Scale . EBoston. Houghton Mifflin Co.
I-Terman, uLM (1917). Ukuhlaziywa kweStanford kunye nokuLandiswa kweBinet-Simon Scale yokulinganisa ubulumko . Baltimore. IWarwick neYork, Inc.
I-Terman, uLM (1925). I-Genetic Studies of Genius . IStanford: iSpanish University Press.
I-Terman, uLM (1930). I-Autobiographie kaLee Terman . KuCarl A. Murchison, no-Edwin G. Boring. I-History of Psychology kwi-Autobiography . IWorcester, MA: iChrisk University Press.
Terman, LM, kunye noMerrill, MA (1937). Ukulinganisa Ubulumko: Isikhokelo soLawulo lweZitsha ezihlaziyiweyo zeStanford-Binet zeNkcukacha zobulumko . IBoston: Inkampani yaseHoughton Mifflin.
Terman, LM, Oden. MH, kunye noBayley, N. (1947). Umntwana onamabala okhulayo: Ukulandelwa Kweminyaka Emashumi amabini anesihlanu kweqela eliPhezulu . Izifundo ze-Genetic ze-genius. v. 4. UStford: I-University Press yaseStanford.
Yayini Impendulo kaLittle Terman kwiNgqondo?
U-Lewis Terman wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kweengqondo zezemfundo kunye novavanyo lwakhe lobunzima lwaba yinto ebalulekileyo kakhulu yokusetyenziswa kwengqondo kwihlabathi. Wayekhuthaza ukuba inkxaso kunye nekhokelo kubantwana abachongiweyo abanesipho ukuze bakhulise zabo iitalente nezakhono.
Kodwa ifa lika-Terman lihlambulukileyo ngenye yezizathu ezibangelwa uphando olunzulu lwangaphambili-inkolelo yokunqumla ngokukhethekileyo impawu ethile "engathandekiyo" ngokusebenzisa i-eugenics kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokunyanzeliswa kwabantu abathiwa "ababuthathaka". Nangona kamva wabuyela phantsi kwesi sikhundla esiphezulu ebomini bakhe, akazange akhuphe ngokwemfundiso iinkolelo awayekukhuthaze zona.
Ukulwa nefa lika-Terman elinzima kubandakanya ukulinganisa imimandla yakhe eninzi kwintsimi kunye nempembelelo yakhe yokuvavanya i-IQ ehlabathini echasene neengqondo ezibandayo ezibangele umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu.
"Ngesinye isandla, umsebenzi wakhe uphefumlelwe phantse yonke into esetyenziswayo namhlanje ukujongana neenkwenkwezi kunye nokunyusa imfundo yabo," kubhala uMitchell Leslie waseStanford Magazine . "Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njenge-biographer u-Minton ukhankanya, iimpawu ezenza i-Terman ibe yintsimi yesayensi-inzondelelo yakhe, ukuzithemba kwakhe - nayo yamenza waba yimpembelelo, engafuni ukumkela ukugxeka okanye ukuhlolisisa imibono yakhe."
Kwisifundo esinye sichaza iingcali zengqondo zentsholongwane yenkulungwane ye-20, i-Terman yayiboshwe noG. Stanley Hall kwinqanaba 72.
I-Terman yafa ngoDisemba 21, 1956.
> Iingcaciso
> Robinson, A, & Jolly, J. Ikhulu leminikelo yokufundisa ngemfundo: Ikhanyisa ubomi. ENew York: uRoutledge; 2013.
> Sheehy, N, Chapman, AJ, & Conroy, WA. (Eds). Lewis Terman. Kwi-Biographical Dictionary ye-Psychology. ENew York: uRoutledge; 2016.