URobert Yerkes (ngoMeyi 26, 1876 - ngoFebruwari 3, 1956) wayengumgqirha weengqondo waseMerika okhunjulwa ngokugqithiseleyo ngomsebenzi wakhe kwiindawo zokuvavanya iingqondo kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo. Uyaziwa ngokuchaza umthetho waseJerkes-Dodson kunye nomlingani wakhe uJohn Dillingham Dodson. Umthetho we-Yerkes-Dodson ukhombisa ukuba kukho ubudlelwane phakathi kwamanqanaba okuvusa nokusebenza.
Ngethuba lolawulo lwe-Yerkes njengomongameli we-APA, waba negalelo ekuphuhliseni iimvavanyo ze-Army's Alpha kunye ne-Beta njengengxenye yeMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Iimvavanyo zazisetyenziswa kakhulu ngeli xesha kwaye zathathwa zigidi zamasosha ase-US.
Ngelixa i-Yerkes ikholelwa ukuba iimvavanyo zilinganiswa nolwazi lwendalo, ukufunyaniswa kwandula kamva ukuba imfundo, ukuqeqeshwa kunye nokuqhayisa imithwalo ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni. I-Yerkes nayo yaba ngumntu obalaseleyo kwintlangano ye-eugenics, eyayikhuthaza imimiselo enokufudukela kwamanye amazwe ukuze ikulwe nento awayebhekisela kuyo ngokuthi "ukuhlaselwa kohlanga."
Eyaziwayo kakhulu:
Obomi bakwangoko
URobert Yerkes wakhulela kwifama eBreadysville, ePennsylvania. Waye kwiKholeji yase-Ursinus ekuqaleni ehlose ukuba ngugqirha. Emva kokugqitywa ngowe-1897, iYunivesithi yaseHarvard yamnika indawo yokugqiba umsebenzi kwi-biology.
Ngexesha lokufunda kwakhe eHarvard, wayenomdla kwimpilo yezilwanyana waza waqala ukufundisisa iingqondo . Ngo-1902, uJerkes wathola iFPD yakhe. kwi Psychology.
Emva kokugqiba, uJerkes wathatha iindawo ezininzi ukuhlawula amatyala afunyenwe ekugqibeleni imfundo yakhe. Waqala njengoprofesa oncedisayo kwi-Harvard ekufundiseni i-psychology yokuqhathanisa kunye nokufundisa izifundo kwizifundo zengqondo ngexesha lehlobo ekholeji yaseRadcliffe.
Kwakhona wathatha umsebenzi wesikhatheso njengomlawuli weengqondo zengqondo kwiBhoston Psychopathic Hospital eBoston, eMassachusetts.
Umsebenzi
Ngomnyaka we-1917, wakhethwa ngumongameli we- American Psychological Association . Emva kokuba i-US ingene kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, i-Yerkes yacela i-APA ukuba ihlanganyele ekuncediseni ubuchule beengqondo kwimigudu yemfazwe. Kwaqulunqwa inani leekomiti, kubandakanywa enye eyenzelwe ukulinganisa iinjongo ukuze kuchongiwe abasebenzi abaqeshwe ngamagunya athile afanelekileyo kwizikhundla ezizodwa.
Umsebenzi wekomiti, eyabandakanya iingqondo zengqondo ezifana noLee Terman , uHenry Goddard, noWalter Bingham, bakhokelela ekuphuhliseni uvavanyo lwe-Army Alpha kunye ne-Army Beta. Iimvavanyo zazilawulwa malunga nama-miliyoni amabini amadoda ngexesha lokulwa kwexesha.
Imvavanyo ibalulekile kwimbali yengqondo ngenxa yokuba yayingumvavanyo wokuqala weengcaphephe zeengcaphephe kwaye yandinceda ukuphakamisa iinjongo zokuvavanywa kwengqondo. Iziphumo zeemvavanyo zazisetyenziselwa ngaba-eugenicists ukuxhasa imithetho ehambelana nokufudukela kwamanye amazwe ukususela kwamanye amazwe abavakalisi bavame ukuhlawula amanqaku kumzantsi. Ngoxa i-Yerkes iphakamisa ukuba iimvavanyo zilinganiswa nolwazi lwezilwanyana kuphela, le mibuzo ngokwayo ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba imfundo noqeqesho babe nefuthe kwiziphumo.
Igalelo kwiNzululwazi
URobert Yerkes uncedise kakhulu kwintsimi yeengqondo. Wasekela i-laboratory yokuqala ye-laboratory e-United States kwaye wayesebenza njengomlawuli wayo ukususela ngo-1929 ukuya ku-1941. Lebhu yabizwa kwakhona ngokuba yi-Yerkes National Primate Research Centre.
Umsebenzi wakhe noJohn D. Dodson kukhokelela ekuphuhliseni into eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Yerkes-Dodson Law. Lo myalelo uthi ukunyuka komsebenzi kuphakanyiswa ngokuvusa, kodwa kufikelela kwindawo ethile. Xa amanqanaba okuvusa ephakamileyo, ukusebenza kuncipha.
Nangona ukusebenzisa kwakhe i-eugenics ukutolika iziphumo zeemvavanyo zakhe zengqondo kwakungalunganga, umsebenzi wakhe kwintsebenzo yokuvavanya iinjongo zashiya uphawu lokuhlala kwi-psychology.
Iincwadi ezikhethiweyo zikaRobert Yerkes
Yerkes, RM, iBridges, JW, & Hardwick, RS (1915). Isikali seqondo lokulinganisa ikhono lomqondo . Baltimore: IWarwick neYork.
Yerkes, RM (1916/1979). Ubomi bengqondo yeenkwenkwezi kunye neepesiti: ukufundisisa ukuziphatha kombono . Delmar, NY: Abafundi be-Facsimiles kunye neempendulo.
Yerkes, RM (Umhl.) (1921) Ukuhlolwa kwengqondo kwi-Army yaseUnited States. Izikhumbuzo zeSizwe seSizwe seSayensi, 15 , 1-890.
Yerkes, RM (1941). Amandla-mandla nokusebenza komkhosi: ityala lobunjineli babantu. Umbhalo we-Consulting Psychology, 5 , 205-209.
Yerkes, RM (1943, 1971). Ama-Chimpanzi: I-laboratory colony . ENew York: Johnson Reprint Corporation.
Iingxelo
Ukuxhoma, RE (1985). Amadoda engqondo: Abenzi beengxabano ze-IQ. ENew York: WW Norton neNkampani.
McGuire, F. (1994). Uvavanyo lwe-alpha nolwazi lwe-beta lweengqondo. Ku-RJ Sternberg (Umq.), I-Encyclopedia yeengqondi (I-Vol 1, iphe. 125-129.) ENew York: Macmillan.
Murchison, uCarl. (Umhla.) (1930). Imbali ye-Psychology kwi-Autobiography (I-Vol. 2, iphe. 381-407). Ipapashwe ngokuvunyelwa ngu-Clark University Press, iWorcester, MA.