I-FDA ilumkisa malunga nekratom, isityalo esisetyenziselwa intlungu kunye nokuxhomekeka kwe-opioid
Usenokuba weva ngekratom ( iMitragyna speciosa ), isongezelelo semfuyo esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia ngamandla kunye nokunceda ukuphucula izihlungu kunye neentlungu. Ekhutshwe kwihlobo lomthi oseluhlaza, i-kratom iqukethe i-alkaloid compounds ebizwa ngokuthi i-mitragynine kunye ne-7-hydroxymitragynine.
I-Kratom Ingasebenza njani
Kucingelwa ukuba i-mitragynine kunye ne-7-hydroxymitragynine inokunceda ukulawula intlungu ngokubambisa kwiiprotheni ezibizwa ngokuba yi-opioid receptors kwaye, kwakhona, ukunciphisa ubuhlungu beengqondo.
Iidakamizwa ze-opioid (iklasi lemichiza elisetyenziselwa ukukhululeka kwentlungu) isebenza ngendlela efanayo, ngokunciphisa ubunzima beempawu zentlungu ezifikelela kwingqondo. Banciphisa nemiphumo yesifo esichukumisayo ngokuchaphazela iingingqi zengqondo ezichaphazelekayo ekulawuleni imvakalelo.
I-Kratom kuthiwa yincinci elula kumlinganiselo omncinci kunye nesondlo kwizinga eliphezulu.
Ukusebenzisa i-Kratom
Nangona i-kratom isetyenziselwa ukukhulisa amandla kunye nokuxininisa ingcinezelo, kwiminyaka yamuva, i-kratom iye yafumana ukuthandwa njengenye enye imilenze yamachiza e-opioid njenge-hydrocodone (umzekelo, i-Vicodin) ne-oxycodone (umzekelo, i-OxyContin). Kwiimeko ezininzi, i-kratom isetyenziselwa ukulawula intlungu engapheliyo enxulumene neemeko ezinjenge-arthritis kunye ne-fibromyalgia.
I-Kratom iphinda isetyenziswe ngokubanzi njengendlela yokusebenzisa imithi yokunciphisa iimpawu ezinxulumene nokuhoxiswa kwe-opioid, ezinjengama-acular muscle kunye nokuphazamiseka kwemizwelo.
I-Opioid Alternative?
Ukususela ngo-1999, inani lemithi ye-opioids edayiswayo e-United States phantse ngokuphindwe kabini, ngokubhekiselele kumaziko okuLawula nokuLawula (CDC).
Ngaloo xesha, inani labantu abafayo kwi-opioids ye-opioids sele liphindwe kane. Ukongezelela, abantu abaninzi bafa ngenxa yokugqithisa izidakamizwa ngo-2014 kunanoma yimuphi umnye kwirekhodi, kunye nabangaphezu kweyesithandathu kwabayishumi kwezo zifa ezibandakanya i-opioid.
Abaninzi abakhuthaza i-kratom babonisa ukuba isityalo singasisombululo kwi-opioid crisis, zombini ngokunikela enye indlela yokuphucula intlungu kunye nokunceda abo banzima ukunqoba umlutha we-opioid.
Miselo
Ngo-Agasti 30, ngo-2016, i-US Administration Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) yamemezela injongo yawo yokubeka iindawo ezimbini ezisebenzayo kwiicandelo loLondolozo lweShedyuli ukususela ngoSeptemba 30, 2016.
I-DEA ihoxise isaziso sayo senjongo ngo-Oktobha, ngo-2016 kwaye yavula ithuba lokubeka izimvo zikawonke-wonke kuze kube ngomhla kaDisemba 1, 2016.
Kwakhona kubandakanya i-heroin kunye ne-MDMA, izilwanyana ziseshedyuli zithathwa njengokuba "akukho nto yokwamkelwa kwonyango kunye nokusetyenziswa okuphezulu kokusetyenziswa kakubi." I-Mitragynine kunye ne-7-hydroxymitragynine yimiqathango yekratom eyenziwa ukuba ibekwe njengeShedyuli yezilwanyana, ukufumana okanye ukuthengiswa imifuno engekho mthethweni. I-Kratom yayiza kuhlala kwiShedyuli endiyibhalayo ubuncinane kwiminyaka emibini.
Iinjongo ze-DEA zokubeka i-mitragynine kunye ne-7-hydroxymitragynine kwiluhlu lwayo lweShedyuli I-Schedule I yadibana nokuhlaselwa kwamanzi. Phakathi no-Septemba, ngo-2016, umzekelo, abaqhankqalazi babenomkhangeli kunye neRally eLafayette Park eWashington, DC, kwaye bahambisa isikhalazo esisayinwe ngabantu abangaphezu kwe-120,000 abachasene nokuvalwa.
Kwi-rally, umlawuli weBotanical Education Alliance, u-Travis Lowin, uthi "i-DEA" yahluleka amaMelika kwimigudu yayo yokulwa nesifo se-opioid, kwaye ukujoliswa kwekratom kuya kwenza imeko ibe yimbi. "
Ngokutsho kwabo bachasene nokuvalwa, ukubeka i-kratom's alklaoids kwisebe I-Schedule I yamachiza kuya kubangela ukuba uphando olongezelelweyo kwiimveliso.
NgoNovemba 14, 2017, uMkomishinala we-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) uScott Gottlieb, MD, wakhupha isiluleko sempilo ka-public malunga neengozi ezinxulumene nekratom.
Uphando nge Kratom
Kuze kube ngoku, uphando olushicilelwe kwizibonelelo zakwaKratom ezinokuba luncedo lwentlungu kunye nolunye uhlobo lwe-opioid ludlala kakhulu. Uphando olukhoyo luquka ingxelo epapashwe kwi- International Journal kwiNkqubo yoMnyobisi ngo-2010, apho inzululwazi ihlolisise abasebenzisi abakhutheleyo bekratom kwaye bafumanisa ukuba imifuno "yayichazwe njengento efikelelekayo, ifumaneke lula kwaye ingabi nemiphumo emibi ngaphandle kwexesha elide." Le ngxelo ingaqukwa akukho vavanyo lweempiliso zezempilo zekratom okanye izingozi ezingenzeka.
Kwingxelo yakutshanje, eyapapashwa kwi- Drug and Alcohol Dependence ngo-2014, abaphandi bahlolisise abasebenzisi abangama-kratom abangama-293 kwaye baqikelela ukuba ngaphezu kwesigxina babe neengxaki ezinzima zokuxhomekeka. Iimpawu ezinxulumene nokukhishwa kwekratom ziquka ukuhlaselwa kwezidumbu, ukuphazamiseka kokulala, umsindo kunye noxinzelelo.
Uphononongo olusisigxina kwi-mouse olupapashwe kwiNgxelo yeMithi yezoMthambo ngo-2016 lubonisa ukuba i-kratom ayinakuphuza ukuphefumula ngendlela efanayo nezinye iziyobisi ezifana ne-morphine. Ngenxa yokuba ukufa ngenxa yokugqithisa i-opioid ngokuqhelekileyo kuba ngumphumo wokudandatheka okuphefumulayo, ukufundwa kokufundwa kubonisa ukuba uphando olongezelelweyo malunga neekrakom luyafaneleka.
Iimpembelelo ezisemgangathweni kunye nezoKhuseleko
I-Kratom ibonakala ibangela isicupunu, ukuhlanza, ukujuluka, kunye nesisu, kwezinye iimeko.
Ukususela ngoJanuwari 2010 ukuya kuDisemba 2015, amaziko enetyhefu ase-US athathe iifowuni ezingama-660 ezinxulumene nokuchazwa kwekratom, ngokwe-DEA.
I-DEA iphinda ithi ukusetyenziswa kwekratom kunokukhokelela ekubeni umlutha, kwaye "amaqela amaninzi eengqondo ezibangelwa ukusetyenziswa kwekratom ziye zaxelwa, apho abantu abanomlutha kwikratom babonisa iimpawu zengqondo, kuquka ukukhohlisa, ukukhohlisa nokudideka."
Izimpawu zokurhoxisa, eziqhelekileyo zibonwa ukuba zinamandla xa zithelekiswa nezidakamizwa ze-opioid, ziye zabikwa, ezifana nokunyuka kwama-muscle kunye neentlungu, ubunzima bokulala, ukutshisa okutshisa, umkhuhlane, amehlo enamehlo, impumlo ephuthumayo, ukunciphisa ukutya, ukuphazamiseka kwemizwelo kunye nohudo .
Nangona iingxelo zeengxelo zivakalise ukulala, ukunyanzeliswa, ukunyanzelwa kwegazi, uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu, uxinzelelo olubi, ukungakwazi ukulala, i-hypothyroidism, ukuxinwa, ukugula kwengqondo, i-hepatitis, kunye ne-coma kubantu abasebenzisa ikratom, kuyacaca ukuba ingaba yintoni kuphela ngenxa yekratom.
Izingozi zibonakala ziphakamileyo xa zithathwa kwizicatshulwa ezixubileyo (ezinobungakanani obuphezulu), ezixutywe nezinye izinto eziphathekayo, iziyobisi, okanye iziphandle, okanye xa zithathwa ngabantu abaneengxaki zokusetyenziswa kotywala, imbali yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-heroin okanye ethile impilo iimeko.
I-DEA yaphawula ukuba i-kratom idibene nokufa kwama-30 kuwo wonke umhlaba, kungekho nto ibonakala ngathi yenziwa kuphela ngenxa yekratom. Kuzo-15 ezichasene nokubulawa kwekratom ezenzeka phakathi kuka-2014 no-2016, 14 zibandakanye ezinye iziyobisi okanye izinto ezingekho mthethweni. Iqoqo le-nine overdoses elibulalayo eSweden ladibaniswa nomkhiqizo othengiswa njenge "Krypton", ofunyenwe ukuba ubekwe nge-O-desmethyltramadol, i-opiate ehlobene ne-tramadol.
Ngokomcebisi we-FDA, "i-FDA iyaziqonda iingxelo zokufa ezingama-36 ezibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso eziqukethe ikratom."
Unokufunda okungakumbi malunga nokusebenzisa izongezo ngokukhuselekileyo, kodwa khumbula ukuba iimveliso zengqolowa ayihloliswanga yi-US Food and Drug Administration ngaphambi kokuba batyeke kwiimarike. Ngenxa yoko, akukho siqinisekiso sokuthi isongezelelo siya kubandakanya izithako ezibhalwe kwilebula (okanye ukuba ezo zithako ziya kubonakala kwiimali ezibonisiweyo). Ukugqitywa kunye nokuhlambuluka kunye nezinye iziyobisi, imifuno kunye nezinto ezinokwenzeka.
ILizwi
Ukuphila ngeentlungu akulula. Ukuba uhlala ngentlungu, usenokuba sele uqhelanise nomphumo ophezulu unokuba nawo kumgangatho wobomi.
Ukuba ucinga ngokuzama ukukrakra, kufuneka uxoxe nomboneleli wakho wokuqala.
Ezinye iiklinikhi zeentlungu zihlola iindlela ezihambelanayo, ngokubambisana neentlungu zonyango, ukulawula okanye ukujamelana nentlungu. Ngokomzekelo, ukuqikelela (kunye neminye imizimba yengqondo) kunokunceda abanye abantu bahlale belawulwa yintlungu naphezu kwemingeni yobomi bemihla ngemihla.
> Imithombo:
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> Prozialeck WC, Jivan JK, Andurkar SV. I-Pharmacology yekratom: i-agentical agent esebenzayo eneempembelelo ezinomtsalane, ze-analgesic kunye ne-opioid. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2012 Dec; 112 (12): 792-9.
> Singh D, Müller CP, Vicknasingam BK. I-Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) ukuxhomekeka, iimpawu zokurhoxisa kunye nokukhanga kubasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kotywala kotywala. 2014 Juni 1; 139: 132-7.
> Váradi A, Marrone GF, Palmer TC, et al. I-Mitragynine / Corynantheidine I-Pseudoindoxyls Njenge-Opioid Analgesics ne-Mu Agonism kunye ne-Delta Antagonism, ongayifuni i-β-Arrestin-2. J Med Chem. 2016 Sep 2.
> Vicknasingam B, Narayanan S, Beng GT, iMansor SM. Ukusetyenziswa okungagunyazisiyo kwe-ketum (iMitragyna speciosa) yokurhoxisa i-opioid kwimimandla esenyakatho yeepenile yaseMalaysia kunye nempembelelo yonyango lokufakelwa kweziyobisi. I-J J Umgaqo weDrug. 2010 Julayi; 21 (4): 283-8.
> Ukuziphendulela: Ulwazi oluqulethwe kule ndawo lujoliswe kwiinjongo zemfundo kuphela kwaye alithathi indawo yeengcebiso, ukuxilongwa okanye unyango ngumgqirha onikwe ilayisenisi. Akunakuthetha ukukhusela zonke iindlela zokulondoloza, ukusebenzisana kwezidakamizwa, iimeko kunye nemiphumo emibi. Kufuneka uncede unyango lwangonyango ngokukhawuleza kuyo nayiphi na imiba yempilo uze ubonane nodokotela wakho ngaphambi kokusebenzisa elinye iyeza okanye wenze utshintsho kwi-regimen yakho.