Umbuzo: Ziziphi izifundo ze-Observational Studies?
Zininzi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zophando lwezenzululwazi ezinika abaphandi ulwazi ngohlobo lomzimba. Ukususela ekuguga kuyinkqubo yesikhathi eside, uphando olude luhlala luqeshwe ukulandelela iqela lezifundo ngexesha elichaziweyo, ngokuqhelekileyo iminyaka.
Ezi zifundo zingabandakanya ukuqaphela, okanye ukungenelela.
Inzululwazi ingasebenzisa uphando olunexesha elide ukuphendula imibuzo malunga nemiphumo yeziphathamandla ezithile, njengokuzivocavoca rhoqo okanye ukucamngca, okanye ukutya - njengokotroleji okanye ukutya okunomdaniso waseMedithera, umzekelo - kwixesha elide lempilo yabathathi-nxaxheba.
Impendulo:
Kwisifundo sokuqwalasela , akukho nongenelelo eyenzekayo. Nangona abathathi-nxaxheba baphendula imibuzo ecacileyo malunga nendlela yokuphila ephandwa ngayo, okanye imilinganiselo ithathwa, akukho tshintsho lomkhwa ngokwawo lucetyiswa ngabaphandi. Ngethuba lexesha lokufunda, abathathi-nxaxheba baphinda babuye baphinde baphinde baphinde bahlolisise ukutshintsha imikhwa efundiswayo kunye nemiphumo yabo.
Ngokomzekelo, i-US National Cancer Institute, ichaza izifundo zokuhlola njengalezo "iziphumo zezinto eziphilayo kunye / okanye zempilo zivavanywa kumaqela akhankanywe ngaphambili." Amaqela angachazwa (okanye akhethwe) ngobudala, ngokwesini, emsebenzini, apho bahlala, okanye mhlawumbi baqokelelwe ngesifo okanye imeko (umzekelo, izigulane zentliziyo okanye abasindileyo).
Uphando olusondeleyo luxabisekileyo kuba luvumela ukuba ulwazi luhlanganiselwe kwisampula enkulu yabantu, ngaphezu kwexesha elide. Kukho iingxaki, nangona kunjalo. Uphando lwezinto zokuphila zixhomekeke kumntu othabatha inxaxheba ekukhumbuleni, nokunika ingxelo ngokuchanekileyo, ukuziphatha kwabo. Ukuphelisa izinto eziphazamisayo-oko kukuthi, ezinye izinto ezingasichaphazela umphumo wokuhlalutya-kunzima kubaphandi abaqhuba izifundo zokuhlola.
Ngenxa yezi zizathu, izifundo zokuqwalasela zibaluleke kakhulu ekufumaneni ukuba izinto zihambelana, kunokuba ziqikelele ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ukuziphatha okubangele umphumo othile.
Ngokomzekelo, uphando oluninzi luye lwabonisa ukuba abantu abadla i-chocolateleji banesifo esincinci sesifo se-cardiovascular, kodwa uphando alukwazanga ngokucacileyo ukuba yile tshokolethi ngokwayo ejongene nempilo yentliziyo engcono.
Uphononongo olungenelelo, ngokuchaseneyo, luza kuthatha amaqela amabini anabantu abanjalo, banike i-tsholeta kwixabiso elinqunjwe ngaphambili kumalungu elinye iqela, kodwa kungekhona enye. Ngexesha elide, imilinganiselo yegazi, i-blood lipids njl njl. Iya kuthathwa kwaye amaqela amabini afaniswe ukuze afake izigqibo malunga ne-causation-oko kukuthi, iziphumo ezibangelwa yi-tshokoleta.
Izifundo zokujonga ngokufanelekileyo zifanelekileyo ngakumbi ukuphanda iimpembelelo zokuziphatha ezingafanelekiyo ezifana nokutshaya okanye ukusetyenziswa kotywala, apho uphando olwenziwe ngongenelelo (umzekelo, ukucela abantu ukuba batshise okanye basele) kuya kuba yinto engafanelekanga.
Ukuhlenga i-causation kunye nokulungelelanisa: umzekelo
Imithombo:
I-Glossary ye-Clinical Trials Reporting Programme (CTRP). I-National National Cancer Institute ye-NIH. Kufumaneka ngoMeyi 11, 2012.
http://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=286105
Ngaba iSifundo sam Sibonelelo okanye siSebenzi? I-National National Lung ne-Blood Institute ye-NIH. Izikhokelo zoPhando lwezonyango. Kufumaneka ngoMeyi 11, 2012.
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/crg/app_interventional.php