Ingqongileyo ingaba nefuthe elibalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni, kwaye oku kubandakanya ixesha lokubeleka. Ukukhula okwenzeka ngeenyanga ezilisithoba zokukhula kwangaphambi kokubeletha akuyinto emfutshane yokumangalisa, kodwa eli xesha lixesha lokungcipheka okukhulu. Ngethamsanqa, iziphumo ezininzi ezininzi ezi nengozi zinganciphisa okanye zitshintshwe ngokupheleleyo.
Nangona iingozi zikhona, uninzi lwabantwana luzalwa luphilile.
Namhlanje, abaphandi bayayiqonda into eninzi malunga ne-teratogens, igama elisetyenziselwa ukuchaza uluhlu olubanzi lweemeko kunye nezinto ezinokunyusa ingozi yeengxaki zokubeleka nokungaqhelekanga. I-Teratogens inokubangela ezininzi iingxaki ezivela kumgangatho ophantsi wokuzala okuza kumonakalo wengqondo kumalungu angenayo. Ukuze kuncitshiswe kwaye ugweme le ngozi, kubalulekile ukuqonda oko kukubeka umngcipheko kumntwana kunye nendlela ezo ngozi zingathintela ngayo uphuhliso.
Izifo ezinokuthi zichaphazele ukuPhuhliswa koPhuhliso lwabazali
Izifo ezininzi zinokulimaza umntwana okhulayo. Ngokomzekelo, oogqirha bafumanise ukuba xa umama esivumelanisa i-rubella (eyaziwa ngokuba yimpumputhe yaseJamani) ekuqaleni kokukhulelwa kwakhe, umntwana wakhe angase aphethwe yimfama, ukungonakali kwentliziyo kunye nokulimala kwengqondo ngenxa yoko.
Ngexesha lama-1960, ubhubhane lwe-rubella lwakhokelela kwiintsana ezingama-20 000 e-United States zizalwe zizifo ezixhamene nesi sifo.
Ukususela ngoko, ukugonywa kuye kwehla ngokuphawulekayo kwiziganeko ze-rubella kwaye kunciphisa inani labantwana abachaphazelekayo ngokugula.
Amachiza anokuchaphazela ukuPhuculwa koPhuhliso lwabazali
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, oogqirha babekholelwa ukuba i-placenta ibe ngumqobo wokukhusela umntwana okhulayo ngokubhekiselele kwi-toxin.
Ngeeminyaka yama-1960, inani labasetyhini abakhulelweyo labekwa umyalelo we-thalidomide owabangela ukuba abantwana abangaphezu kwe-10,000 bazalwe bengekho imilenze, iingalo, okanye iindlebe. Iingxaki zokuzalwa ezibangelwa yiziyobisi zenze ingozi yemithi ethile.
Namhlanje, oogqirha bayayibona imiphumo yesifo seziyobisi ezininzi kuquka i-anticonbulsants, i-tetracycline, i-anticoagulants, i-bromide kunye nama-hormone amaninzi.
Ngenxa yeengozi ezinobungozi, kubalulekile ukuba abafazi abakhulelweyo baphephe nayiphina imishanguzo engazange ikhuthazwe ngokukodwa ngugqirha wabo. Kwakhona uye waqaphela ukuba ezininzi iintengiso zethelevishini ngamachiza amasha ziquka uhlobo oluthile lwesilumkiso sokuba abafazi abakhulelweyo okanye abanokukhulelwa mabaphephe ukuthabatha iziyobisi.
Ngenxa yokuba loo myeza icingelwa ukuba iyakwazi ukuphazamisa umntwana emva kweentsuku ezili-10 ukuya kwezi-14 emva kokukhulelwe, kubalulekile ukuyeka ukuthatha amayeza athile xa ucinga ukuba unokukhulelwa. Ngethamsanqa, ngenxa yokuba oogqirha kunye noomama bayazi kakhulu izinto ezinobungozi, iirhafu zezilwanyana ezinxulumene neziphoso zokuzalwa ziye zancitshiswa kakhulu kule minyaka embalwa edlulayo.
I-Psychoactive Iidakamizwa ezinokuthi zichaphazele ukuphuhliswa kokubeletha
Ngelishwa, umonakalo ongaphantsi komntwana obangelwa yiziyobisi ezisengqondweni ezifana ne-alcohol, i-cocaine, i-heroin, i-inhalants, kunye necuba.
Zonke iziyobisi zengqondo zinefuthe elonakalisayo ekuphuhlisweni kokubeletha okukhokelela kwiingxaki kubandakanya ukukhula kobunzima bokuzalwa, ukuzala kwangaphambi kokuzalwa, kunye nophuhliso olungqondweni oluphucukileyo. Imiphumo yesistim sokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa inokukhokelela ekubambeni kwexesha elifutshane kunye nexesha elide. Iintsana ezichazwe kwiiyobisi eziphathekayo kwi-utero zingabonisa iimpawu zokurhoxiswa kweziyobisi emva kokuzalwa, njengokulila, ukukrakra, ukugula okulukhuni kunye nokutya okungaqhelekanga.
Njengoko beqhubeka nokuphuhlisa nokukhula, aba bantwana banokujamelana neengxaki zokufunda ezifana nokungakwazi ukugcina ingqalelo, ukuzithiba, ukunyanzeliswa, okanye ukukhawuleza okuphuhlisayo.
Ziziphi iimpembelelo ezi ngxaki ezinokuthi zenzeke kulo uphuhliso?
- Ukusetyenziswa kotywala kungabangela ukukhula okuphantsi kokunciphisa umzimba kunye nokwanda komngcipheko wezinto ezingaqhelekanga ezifana neendlela zokungcwatshwa kwamanzi kunye nokukhubazeka kwamalungu.
- Ukusetyenziswa kotywala ngexesha lokukhulelwa kubangela ukuba utywala lwe-alcoal syndrome obonakalisa ukungaqhelekanga kwesibonakaliso kubandakanya ubuncinci obungaphezulu komlinganiselo wentloko, impumlo ephothiweyo, ulwahlulo olubanzi phakathi kwamehlo, kunye nomlenze omncinci ophezulu. I-fetal alcohol syndrome nayo ibangela ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, ukukhula komzimba, ukukhubazeka ukufunda, kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha.
Indlela yokunciphisa izingozi ezingqongileyo
Ngethamsanqa, iziphumo zeengozi ezininzi zendalo zinganciphisa okanye zitshintshwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngombulelo wokwanda kokwaziswa kweziphumo zezifo, imichiza kunye neziyobisi, oomama banako ukuqinisekiswa ngakumbi ukuba banempilo kwaye bakhululekile izinto ezinobungozi ngexesha lokukhulelwa komntwana.
Nangona iingozi zendalo zingumngcipheko ocacileyo kwi-fetus ekhulayo, ayisoloko ibangela ingozi. Igalelo lezingozi ezinjalo kubandakanya ukusebenzisana kwezinto ezininzi, kubandakanywa ixesha lokuchasana, ubude bokungabonakali, kunye nokukhuselekiswa kobubele obungenzeka.
Ixesha elithile xa i-organism ekhulayo ibonakala kwingozi ingadlala indima enkulu kwisiphumo sokugqibela. Kulo lonke uphuhliso lwangaphambi kokubeletha, kukho amaxesha amaninzi ekukhunjulwa kwezinto ezizaziwa njengexesha elibalulekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, i-embryo inokutshatyalaliswa kakhulu kwi-teratogens kwiiveki zokuqala ezisibhozo emva kokukhulelwe. Nangona kunjalo, umonakalo kwimimandla emikhulu yomzimba kubandakanya ingqondo kunye namathuba angenzeka nakwiiveki ezizayo zokukhulelwa.
Ukongeza kokungabikho kweziyobisi, utywala, imichiza kunye nezinye izinto, ukunonyango olufanelekileyo lwezempilo, inkxaso yoluntu, kunye nokunyamekela emva kokubeleka bonke banokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunciphiseni ingozi yeengxube zendalo.