Ingqondo yakho kunye neNgqongileyo ichaphazela ukuba ngaba utywala
Ngaba i-heroin isetyenziswa ngokusetyenziswa? Abasebenzisi abaninzi beziyobisi bazibuza ukuba i-heroin elawulwayo-ukusebenzisa i-heroin ngaphandle kokuba ngumlutha- kunokwenzeka. Nangona le ndawo iphandwa kakhulu kwintsimi yezilwalathiso, kwaye amanqaku amaninzi ophando abasebenzisi be-heroin baba yizilweliso kwaye bexinekeke kwiingxaki ezinzima, kukho uphando olubonisa ukuba abanye abasebenzisi be-heroin bahamba ngezinye iinkqubo basebenzisa i-heroin ngaphandle kokuba ngumlutha.
Yithini Uphando
UDkt. Norman Zinberg waseHarvard Medical School wenza umsebenzi weklinikhi kunye nabasebenzisi beziyobisi iminyaka engaphezu kwemashumi mabini kwaye wenza uchungechunge lwezifundo zabantu abasebenzisa iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni, njenge heroin . Wafumanisa ukuba akubona bonke abasebenzisi beziyobisi abalahlekelwa ukulawula ekusebenziseni kwabo kwaye baba ngumlutha, kwaye okokubeka kunye nokusekwa kwakukho izinto ezibalulekileyo ekuqaliseni ukuba ngaba akukho mntu ulahlekileyo ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi.
Ukubeka kunye nokuseta, igama elibhekiselele kwisimo sengqondo somsebenzisi weziyobisi, okanye "ukusetha," kunye nemeko apho kuthathwa khona izidakamizwa, okanye "ukumisela," kuye kwafunyanwa ukuba nefuthe elibi nokuba abantu basebenzisa iziyobisi ezinxilisayo ziya kuba zizilweliso kubo.
Ngaphindwa ngo-1962, uDkt. Zinberg wafumanisa ukuba oogqirha babengafuni ukumisela imithi yeentlungu ezigulisa izigulane ezaziyidingayo, ngenxa yokoyika ukuba izigulane ziya kuba ngumlutha. Nangona kunjalo lokoyiko lwalusekelwe kuluntu nakwiindalo zamagqirha, kungekhona.
Enyanisweni, uZinberg waphawula ukuba izigulane ezimbalwa esibhedlele zaba zizilwelwe kwi-opioids. Le yinto yokuqala ye-Zinberg yendlela ukubeka inokuchaphazela ngayo umlutha olandelayo.
I-Stigma Phakathi koogqirha
Ngoxa singalindela ukuba oogqirha babe neenjongo kunye neendlela ezibujonga ngayo izigulane zabo, akukho nto ingaba yinyani.
Uphando olutshanje luye lwabonisa ukuba oogqirha baninzi ukuxhalaba malunga nomyalelo wonyango lwe-opiate, kunye nembono yabo yezigulane abaye bacinga ukuchaza amayeza enhlungu ukuba ahlukaniswe phakathi kwabo babonwa "njengezigulane ezifanelekileyo," kunye nabo kuthathwa ngokuba "ukufuna iziyobisi."
Oogqirha bahlala becinga ukuba ukugweba izigulane ngale ndlela kuyingxenye yomsebenzi wabo, njengoko balinganisa ukulinganisela phakathi kokunciphisa intlungu "yezigulane" zentlungu ngelixa bephepha ukuba kungenzeka ukuba banokutshabalalisa abo bafuna ukufuna iziyobisi kuphela.
Ekuphanduleni i-heroin yaseBrithani ekugqithiseleyo ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960, xa i-heroin yayinokumiselwa ngokomthetho kwabo babeselumlutha, iZipberg zafumanisa ukuba kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezahlukileyo ze-heroin umlutha - abo babelawulwa ekusebenziseni kwabo, kwaye bebenokusebenza kwaye baphumelele , kunye nababenokulawulwa ekusebenziseni kwabo, bazibonela bengenasiphelo, kwaye babe neendlela zokuphila ezilimazayo.
Ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe isigwebo se-heroin eBrithani, aluyi kubakho uhlobo lokuxhatshazwa kwezenhlalakahle, ulwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ukuxhatshazwa kwabantu. Kwakhona, iZipberg yabona oku njengempembelelo yemeko esemthethweni ye-heroin eBrithani ngelo xesha.
I-Zinberg yafunda nokusebenzisa i-heroin ngokuphazamisa amabutho aseMerika eVietnam, eyayiyingozi kwaye ingalawulwa, kwaye yabona njengomzamo "wokucima" intlungu ababeye bafumana kuyo. Emva kokuba babuyele ekhaya kwaye bephuma ngaphandle kokungabikho kokulawulwa kwendawo yentlalo yaseVietnam, i-88% ayizange ivuselele ukusebenzisa i-heroin, nangona ezininzi zinengxaki ezinzulu.
UPowell, osebenza naye waseZinberg, wafumanisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba abantu basebenzise i-heroin ngezinye iinkhathi-iqela elibizwa ngokuba yi "chippers". Laba bantu babehlala bexhamla kunye nabangenazo iziyobisi basebenzisa abahlobo, kwaye baqhubeka belawula ngokugqithiseleyo ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwe-heroin, bekhawuleza ngokukhawuleza xa bebona iimpawu zokuxhomekeka.
Olu pho nonongo lubonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa okulawulayo kwe-heroin kwakunokwenzeka.
Indlela abasebenzisa ngayo i-Heroin bahlala belawula
Njengoko umsebenzi weZinberg waqhubeka, wacetyisa ukuba ezimbini izinto ezibalulekileyo 'zokubeka' izixhobo zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi zazibalulekileyo ekumiseni imida kunye nokulawula malunga nokusetyenziswa. Le miba yayiyimasiko kunye nezohlwayo zentlalo. Imigaqo yindlela yokuziphatha eqikelelweyo, kunye nezohlwayo zentlalo yimiba egcinwe ngabasebenzisi beziyobisi kunye nemigaqo yabo yokuziphatha. Izigwebo ziquka imithetho esemthethweni ebonisa iimpawu zoluntu olubanzi, njengemithetho yeziyobisi , kwaye zibandakanya imithetho engekho emthethweni, engayibhalwanga phakathi kwabasebenzisi beziyobisi abayekezela ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, njengokwazi umda wakho.
Kwiminyaka emashumi kamva, iingcamango zangaphambili ezicetywayo yiZinberg ngoku zibonakaliswa ekuxilongweni kokulutha . I-Manual Diagnostic and Statistical of Disabled Disorders, Uhlobo lwesihlanu, owaziwa ngokuba yi-DSM-V okanye i-DSM-5, yenza ulwahlulo olucacileyo phakathi kwe-opioid disorder use, olubandakanya ukuziphatha kwezidakamizwa kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokunyanzeliswayo, kunye nezinto eziphathekayo zokuphelisa i-opioid , ezinokuthi zenzeke kunoma ngubani othe wanciphisa okanye oye wasebenzisa i-opioid, kuquka abantu abakwii-opioid machiza abangenalo umlutha.
Nangona loluphando, uninzi lwezifundo lubonisa ukuba i-heroin iyingozi yeziyobisi, ekhokelela ekugqithiseni ixesha elide, iingxaki ezininzi zobomi ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa, kunye nokuphakama okuphezulu kokuphindaphinda. Ukuba awuzange uthathe i-heroin ngaphambili, kukukhuselekileyo ukuba ungayichengi.
Imithombo
Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika. I-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disabilities (Intetho yesihlanu). IWashington DC: Umbutho wama-American Psychiatric Association, ngo-2013.
UPowell, D. "Uvavanyo lomqhubi lwabasebenzisi base heroin." IArch Gen Psychiatry 28 (4), iphe. 586-94. 1973.
I-Zinberg, iN.Drug, i-Set, ne-Setting: IsiSeko soLawulo oluLawulayo. Yale University Press. 1986.