Iimvakalelo zisebenza ngamandla amakhulu ngokuziphatha kwabantu. Imvakalelo enamandla inokubangela ukuba uthathe amanyathelo onokuyenza ngokuqhelekileyo okanye ukuphepha iimeko ozonandiphayo. Kutheni simele sibe nemvakalelo? Yintoni ebangela ukuba sibe nale mvakalelo? Abaphandi, abafilosofi, kunye neengqondo zeengqondo baye bathetha iingcamango ezahlukeneyo ukuze bachaze indlela kunye nangona kutheni emva kwemizwa yabantu.
Yintoni Uvakalelo?
Kwiengqondo , imvakalelo idlalwa njengento exakekileyo yokuvakalelwa eyenza utshintsho lwangokwenyama nolwengqondo oluchaphazela ingcamango nokuziphatha. Uvakalelo ludibaniswa nobuninzi beemeko zengqondo, kubandakanya ukuguquka, ubuntu , imizwa kunye nokukhuthaza . Ngokombhali uDavid G. Meyers, imvakalelo yabantu iquka "... ukuvusa umzimba, ukuziphatha okucacileyo, kunye namava okuqonda."
Iingcamango zesimmo
Iingcamango eziphambili zokhuthazo zinokuqulunqwa zibe ziindidi ezintathu eziphambili: ezempilo, i-neurological and cognitive. Iingcamango zengqondo zibonisa ukuba iimpendulo ngaphakathi komzimba zijongene neemvakalelo. Iingcamango zengqondo ziphakamisa ukuba umsebenzi ngaphakathi kwengqondo iholele ekuphenduleni iimvakalelo. Ekugqibeleni, iingcamango zengqondo zicinga ukuba iingcamango nezinye izinto zengqondo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni iimvakalelo.
Iingqungquthela zengqungquthela yomzwelo
Wayengumdlali wemvelo uCharles Darwin owayecebisa ukuba iimvakalelo zavela kuba zilungele kwaye zavumela abantu nezilwanyana ukuba baphile kwaye bavelise.
Iimvakalelo zothando nothando zikhokelela abantu ukuba bafune abafazi baze bavelise. Imiva yokwesaba iphoqa abantu ukuba balwe okanye babalekele umthombo wengozi.
Ngokomgaqo-mfundiso wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, iimvakalelo zethu zikhona kuba zikhonza indima eguqukayo. Iimvakalelo zishukumisela abantu ukuba baphendule ngokukhawuleza ukuba benze izinto ezingqongileyo kwimimandla, elinceda ukuphucula amathuba okuphumelela nokuphila.
Ukuqonda iimvakalelo zabanye abantu nezilwanyana nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni nasekuziseni. Ukuba uhlangabezana nesilwanyana, ukukhahlela, nokuhluma isilwanyana, amathuba okuba uya kuziqonda ngokukhawuleza ukuba isilwanyana sinoyiko okanye siyikhusele size sihambe sisodwa. Ngokukwazi ukutolika ngokuchanekileyo ukubonakalisa iimvakalelo zabanye abantu nezilwanyana, unokuphendula ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ugweme ingozi.
I-James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Iingcamango ze- James-Lange ngenye yeempawu ezibalaseleyo zengqondo yezobuchopho. Ngokuzimela ngokucetyiswa ngumbhali weengqondo uWilliam James kunye ne-physiologist uCarl Lange, i-theory ye-James-Lange yemvakalelo ibonisa ukuba iimvakalelo zivela ngenxa yokuziphendulela ngokomzimba kwiziganeko.
Le ngqungquthela ibonisa ukuba xa ubona i-external stimulus ekhokelela ekuphenduleni umzimba. Indlela ovakalelwa ngayo ixhomekeke ekubeni uyichaza njani loo mpendulo. Ngokomzekelo, ake sithi uhamba ehlathini uze ubone ibhere le-grizzly. Uqala ukuthuthumela, kwaye intliziyo yakho iqalisa ukugijima. Ingcamango ye-James-Lange iphakamisa ukuba uya kuguqulela ukuphendula kwakho ngokomzimba kwaye ugqibe ekubeni uloyiko ("Ndiyathuthumela." Ngoko ke, ndoyika "). Ngokwale ngcamango yemvakalelo, awuyikuthuthumela ngenxa yokuba uyika.
Kunoko, uloyiko ngenxa yokuba uyathuthumela.
I-Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Enye into eyaziwa ngokwenyama yimiba ye- Cannon-Bard yemvakalelo . UWalter Cannon akavumelani nomxholo we-James-Lange womzwelo kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, wacetyiswa ukuba abantu banokufumana iimpendulo zomzimba ezinxulumene neemvakalelo ngaphandle kokuvakalelwa ngaloo mvakalelo. Ngokomzekelo, intliziyo yakho inokuba yintambo ngenxa yokuba uye wayisebenzisa kwaye kungekhona ngenxa yokuba uyika.
I-Cannon yacebisa ukuba iimpendulo zemizwelo zenzeka ngokukhawuleza ukuba zibe yimveliso nje yamazwe angokwenyama.
Xa ufumana ingozi kwimeko, uya ku soloko uloyiko ngaphambi kokuba uqale ufumane iimpawu zomzimba ezinxulumene noloyiko olufana nokuxhaphaza izandla, ukuphefumula ngokukhawuleza, kunye nentliziyo yokugijima.
I-Cannon yokuqala yocetywayo yakhe kwiminyaka ye-1920 kunye nomsebenzi wakhe wenziwa wandisa nge-physiologist uFilipu Bard ngee-1930. Ngokomxholo we-Cannon-Bard weemvakalelo, sivakalelwa kwaye sinokuziphendulela ngokwasemzimbeni njengokwenza isithukuthezi, ukuthuthumela, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwemisipha kanyekanye.
Ngokukhethekileyo, kucetyiswa ukuba iimvakalelo ziphumo xa i-thalamus ithumela umyalezo kwingqondo ekuphenduleni i-stimulus, okubangele ukuphendulwa kwemizimba. Ngelo xesha, ubuchopho bufumana kwakhona iimpawu ezibangelwa amava omzwe. I-Cannon kunye ne-Bard ye-theory ibonisa ukuba amava okwenyama nangokwengqondo ovakalelwa kwintsikelelo yenzeke ngexesha elifanayo kwaye loo nto ayibangeli enye.
I-Schachter-Singer Theory
Kwakhona kwaziwa ngokuba yi-twoory factor of emotion, i- Schachter-Singer Theory ngumzekelo wenkolelo yokuqonda kwengqondo. Le ngcamango ibonisa ukuba ukuvuswa komzimba kubonakala kuqala, kwaye ke umntu kufuneka abone isizathu sokuba le nto ivuke kwaye ibhale itekisi. Isishukumisi sikhokelela kwimpendulo yezinto ezibonakalayo ezichazwe ngokucacileyo kwaye zibhalwa ngokubhaliweyo ezibangelwa imvakalelo.
I-Schachter kunye ne-Singer's theory ibonisa inkolelo ye-James-Lange kunye neThe Cannon-Bard ye-emotion. Njengengcamango ye-James-Lange, i-Schachter-Singer theory iphakamisa ukuba abantu bayashukumisa iimvakalelo ezisekelwe kwizimpendulo zemizimba. Into ebalulekileyo yimeko kunye nokuchazwa kwengcamango ebantwini abantu basebenzayo ukubiza ukuba imvakalelo.
Njengombono we-Cannon-Bard, i-Schachter-Singer theory iphinde ibonise ukuba iimpendulo ezifanayo zemizimba zingenza iimvakalelo ezahlukileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ufumana intliziyo yokugijima kunye neendwangu ezithunyayo ngexesha lokuhlolwa okubalulekileyo kweemathematika, mhlawumbi uya kuqonda imvakalelo njengexhala. Ukuba ufumana iimpendulo ezifanayo zomzimba ngosuku olunezinye ezibalulekileyo, unokuyichaza ezo mpendulo njengothando, uthando okanye ukuvusa.
Iingcamango zokuCacnitive Appraisal
Ngokwe-appraisal theories of emotion, ukucinga kufanele kwenzeke kuqala ngaphambi kokuba ufumane imvakalelo. URichard Lazarus wayengumvulindlela kule ngxaki, kwaye le ngcamango idlalwa ngokuba yi-Lazarus theory of emotion.
Ngokwale ngqungquthela, ukulandelelana kweziganeko zokuqala kubandakanya ukuvuselela, kulandelwa ngcamango ekhokelela ekuhlanganyeleni ngamava kunye nokuvakalelwa. Umzekelo, ukuba ufumana ibhere ehlathini, unokuqala ukucinga ukuba usemngciphekweni omkhulu. Oku kukhokelela kwimeko yamava okwesaba kunye nokuziphendulela ngokwenyama ehambelana nempendulo yokulwa okanye ye-flight .
I-Facial-Feedback Theory of Emotion
I-facial-feedback theory yeemvakalelo ibonisa ukuba ubuso bomzimba bunxulumene nokufumana iimvakalelo. UCharles Darwin noWilliam James babecala ekuqaleni ukuba ngamanye amaxesha iimpendulo zemizimba ziba nefuthe ngqo kwiimvakalelo, kunokuba nje zibangelwa yimvakalelo. Abaxhasi beli ngcamango bacacisa ukuba iimvakalelo zihambelana ngokuthe ngqo kwiinguqu ezinjengezaso. Ngokomzekelo, abantu abaphoqelekile ukuba bamomotheka ngokunyanisekileyo kwintlalo yoluntu baya kuba nexesha elingcono kumcimbi kunokuba babenokuba babenomdla okanye baqhubela phambili ukubonakalisa ubuso bombuso.
> Imithombo:
> Cannon, WB (1927) Inkolelo ye-James-Lange yomsindo: Uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kunye nenye ingcamango. I-American Journal ye-Psychology, 39, 10-124.
> UJames, W. (1884). Yintoni i-Emotion? Ingqondo, 9, 188-205.
> Myers, iDG (2004). Iingcamango zesimmo. I-Psychology: I-Seventh Edition. ENew York, NY: Abaxabisi abafanelekileyo.