Inkumbulo yamanga yikhumbuzo esenziwe okanye ephosakeleyo yesiganeko. Abantu bahlala becinga ngememori njengento efana nerekhodi yevidiyo, ngokuchanekileyo nokubhala nokugcina konke okwenzekayo ngokuchanileyo nokuchaneka. Enyanisweni, imemori inyanzeliswa kakhulu. Abantu banokuqiniseka ukuba imemori yabo ilungile, kodwa le ntembelo ayikho isiqinisekiso sokuba imemori ethile ichanekile.
Imizekelo yale nzeka iyakwazi ukususela kwiindawo ezingaqhelekanga, njengokukhumbula ngokungalunganga ukuba uvale umnyango wangaphambili, ngakumbi kunzulu, njengokuba ukhumbule ngobuxoki iinkcukacha zengozi oye wafakaza kuyo.
Funda kabanzi malunga nendlela iingqondo zeengqondo zichaza ngayo iinkumbulo ezingamanga, indlela ezi zinkumbulo ezizenza ngayo kunye nefuthe ezinjalo ezinokukhumbula.
Iinkcazo zeNkumbulo yamanga
Iingcali zengqondo zichaza njani imemori yamanga? Bayihlula njani kwezinye iimeko zokungahambi kakuhle kweememori?
Inkumbulo engamanga yinto engqondweni eyenziwa ngephutha ukuba ibe ngummeli oqhelekileyo wesiganeko kwixesha elidlulileyo lomntu. Imemori ingaba yinyani ngeendlela ezincinci (umzekelo, ukukholwa omnye ekugqibeleni wabona izitshixo ekhitshini xa igumbi lokuhlala) kunye neendlela eziphambili ezichaphazela kakhulu nakwabanye (umzekelo, ukukholelwa ngephutha ngumbhali weengcamango okanye ukuba umntu waxhatshazwa ngokwesondo njengomntwana). "
(Johnson, M.
K., 2001)
"Kubalulekile, kule nqanaba yokuqala, ukuhlula imemori yobuxoki kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo zokukhumbula ukukhumbula." Inkumbulo, njengokuba wonke umntu uyazi, ingosifezeko lwamava ethu. apho sinezikhumbuzo ezintle, eziqinisekileyo zeziganeko-nangona isantya sokuchaneka siyahluka - oko akuzange kwenzeke kuthi. "
(Brainerd & Reyna, 2005)
Nangona sonke sinokusilela kwimemori ngexesha elide, iinkumbulo ezingamanga zihlukile kwizinto ezibonisa ukukhunjulwa okungafaniyo nento engakhange kwenzeke. Akukuko ukulibala okanye ukuxuba iinkcukacha zezinto esizifumanayo; ku malunga nokukhumbula izinto esazange sibe nazo kuqala.
Yintoni Ebangelwa Imemori Engamanga?
Kutheni kwenzeka ukuba iinkumbulo zobuxoki zenzeke? Izinto ezinokuchaphazela imemori yobuxoki zibandakanya ingcaciso engafanelekanga kunye nokuchithwa kakubi komthombo wokuqala wolwazi. Ulwazi olukhoyo kunye nezinye iikhumbuzo zingaphazamisa ukubunjwa kwememori emitsha, kubangele ukukhumbula umcimbi ukuba uphoswe okanye uxoke ngokupheleleyo.
Umcwaningi wememori uElizabeth Loftus ubonise ngophando lwakhe ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba enze ukukhumbuza iinkolelo ezingamanga ngokucebisa. Uye wabonisa ukuba ezi zikhumbuzo zinokuqina kwaye zicaca njengoko ixesha liqhubeka. Ngexesha elide, iinkumbulo ziphazamiseka kwaye ziqala ukutshintsha. Kwezinye iimeko, imemori yangaphambili ingatshintshwa ukuze kufakwe ulwazi olutsha okanye amava.
Impembelelo yokuPhupha kweeNkohliso
Ngelixa sonke siqhelana nokungaphumeleli kwememori (ongayikhohlile ibinzana yolwazi ebalulekileyo), abantu abaninzi abaqapheli ukuba imemori yolwazi oluqhelekileyo ingubani.
Abantu banokubakho ngokukhawuleza ukukhupha iziphakamiso, ezinokudala imemori yeziganeko kunye nezinto ezingazange zenzeke ngokwenene kuthi.
Ininzi yexesha ezi zikhumbuzo ezingamangali - inkumbulo yokuba ulethe izitshixo endlini kwaye wazibopha ekhitshini, xa ngokwenene wabashiya emotweni, umzekelo. Kwezinye iziganeko, iinkumbulo ezingamanga zinokuba nefuthe elikhulu . Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba iinkumbulo ezingamanga ziyimbangela ebangela ukukholelwa ngamanga, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuchongwa kwamanga kumntu osolwayo okanye ukukhunjulwa kwamanga ngexesha lokuphenywa kwamapolisa.
Ngubani Ochaphazelekayo Ngezikhumbuzo Zobuxoki?
Uphando lukaLoftus luye lwabonisa indlela ezilula kunye nezikhumbuzo ezingaqhelekanga. Kwisifundo esinye, abathathi-nxaxheba bebukele ividiyo yeengozi yemoto kwaye babuzwa imibuzo ethile malunga noko babone kwifilimu. Abanye abathathi-nxaxheba bacelwa ukuba 'Zihamba ngokukhawuleza kangakanani iimoto xa zidibana?' ngelixa abanye babuzwa umbuzo ofanayo kodwa amagama athi 'aphonswe' athatyathwa ngokuthi 'hit'.
Xa abathathi-nxaxheba banikezelwa uvavanyo lweememori ngokubhekiselele kwengozi kwiveki kamva, abo babecelwa ukuba 'baphonsela' kumbuzo babekho imemori yamanga yokubona ingilazi ephukileyo kwifilimu.
ULoftus uphakamisa ukuba iimbulelo ezingamanga ziba lula xa ixesha elaneleyo lidlulile ukuba imemori yangaphambili iphelile. Ngobufakazi bokuzibonela ngomzekelo, ubude bexesha phakathi kweso siganeko kunye nodliwano-ndlebe malunga nesiganeko ludlala indima kwindlela abantu abangacetyiswayo abakwazi ngayo kwimemori yamanga.
Ukuba udliwano-ndlebe emva kweso siganeko, xa iinkcukacha zicacile, abantu abanako ukunyanzeliswa ngcaciso engafanelekanga. Ukuba, nangona kunjalo, udliwano-ndlebe lulibaziseka ixesha elithile, abantu banokuchaphazeleka ukuba banokuchaphazeleka ngolwazi lobuxoki.
Umxholo:
Ngelixa kunokuba kunzima abantu abaninzi ukuba bakholwe, wonke umntu unemikhumbuzo yamanga. Iinkumbulo zethu ngokuqhelekileyo azithembekanga njengokuba sicinga kwaye iinkumbulo ezingamanga zingenza lula, nakubantu abanobuchule obuhle kakhulu.
Imithombo:
Brainerd, CJ, & Reyna, VF Inzululwazi yeNkumbulo engamanga. ENew York: i-Oxford University Press; 2005.
UJohnson, MK Iimbumbulu zobuxoki, i-Psychology . Ku-JD Wright (Umhla.), I-International Encyclopedia yezoLuntu nezoNzululwazi, uElsevier; 2001.
Loftus, EF, Miller, DG, & Burns, HJ Ukuhlanganiswa kweSemantic yeNkcukacha zoLungiso kwiNkumbulo yeSaziso. Umbhalo Weengcali zengqondo: I-Human Learning and Memory. 1978; 4: 19-31.
Loftus, i-EF Ukudala iMemori Engamanga . Scientific American. 1997; 277: 70-75.
Loftus, EF & Pickrell, JE (1995). Ukuqulunqwa kwezikhumbuzo zamanga . IiNgxelo zengqondo, 25, 720-725.