Njani kunye Nokuba Ingcaciso Efihlakeleyo Ingachazwa
Injongo yokulumkisa ibhekisela kuxanduva lomcebisi okanye umphathiswa ukuba axelele abantu abathathu okanye amagunya ukuba umthengi ubangela ingozi kuye ngokwakhe okanye omnye umntu onokubonakalayo. Ngenye yeemeko ezimbalwa apho ugqirha ungaphula umfihlelo lwabaxhasi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izikhokelo zomgaqo-nkqubo zifuna ukuba oogqirha bagcine ulwazi oluboniswe ngexesha lotyando oluzimeleyo.
I- American Psychological Association "I-Principal Ethics Principals of Psychologists kunye neKhowudi yokuziphatha" ichaza indlela kwaye ingcaciso yolwabizo ingachongwa njani. Ezi zikhokelo zomgaqo-nkqubo zibonisa ukuba ulwazi lwangasese lunokudalwa kuphela ngemvume yomntu okanye njengoko kuvunyelwe ngumthetho. Iziganeko zomthetho apho ezo nkcukacha zingabonakaliswa zibandakanya xa kubalulekile ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zobungcali, xa ufumana ukubonisana nabanye abaqeqeshiweyo, ukufumana intlawulo yeenkonzo, nokukhusela umxhasi kunye namanye amaqela angabungozi.
Iinkcukacha zomsebenzi wezomthetho ukuxwayisa ngokuqhelekileyo zihluka ngobuso. Kwiimeko ezininzi:
- Udokotela kufuneka ukuba aphule umfihlelo ukuba umthengi ubangele usongelo lokuba yena ngokwakhe, ugqirha okanye umntu wesithathu.
- Ulwazi oluyimfuneko kufuneka luchazwe kumntu onokukwazi ukuthatha inyathelo lokunciphisa ingozi.
- Kwiimeko ezininzi, umntu osengozini nokuthotyelwa komthetho uya kwaziswa.
IiNkundla ezazisungulwa ngokusemthethweni
Amatyala amabini asemthethweni asemthethweni aqulunqa iimfuno zezomthetho ukuba ziphule umfihlelo ukuba zikholelwa ukuba umthengi uzibeka ingozi kuye okanye kwabanye.
I-Tarasoff v. Regents yaseYunivesithi yaseCalifornia (1976)
Umsebenzi wezomthetho wokuba lumkiso waqala ukusekwa kwimeko yeTarasoff v. Regents yaseYunivesithi yaseCalifornia (1976) apho umgqirha ahlulekile ukwazisa umfazi omncinci kunye nabazali bakhe ngokusongela okufayo okwenziwa ngumthengi.
UTatiana Tarasoff kunye noProsenjit Poddar badibana ngo-1968 njengabafundi kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eBerkeley. I-Poddar ya kholelwa ukuba abo babini babenokwalamano oluqinileyo, imbono engazange yabelwe yiTarasoff. Xa evakalisa ukuba wayengenomdla kwintando yothando, uPoddar waqala ukutshatyalaliswa kwaye wafumana ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo.
Ngowe-1969, iPoddar yaba isigulane se- psychologist egama linguDkt. Lawrence Moore kwi-UC Berkeley's Cowell Memorial Hospital. Emva kokuvakalisa iinjongo zakhe zokubulala uTarasoff kumgulisa wakhe, uMoore wachaza amapolisa asekampus waza wanika uluvo lwakhe lokuba iPoddar idinga ukulaliswa esibhedlele kwaye wazibeka ingozi kuye nakwabanye.
I-Poddar yayigcinwe ngokufutshane kodwa yabonakala ingqiqweni kwaye izinzile, iphoyisa lamapolisa ukumkhulula ngesithembiso sokuba uya kuhlala kude neTarasoff. Kungekudala emva koko, umlawuli wesebe leengqondo e-Cowell Memorial Hospital wayala incwadi ebhaliweyo kunye namanqaku okuchithwa kweyeza.
Apho amapolisa kunye neengcali zePoddar zalumkisa uTatiana Tarasoff okanye intsapho yakhe yongongelo. I-Poddar yaqhubeka isondeza intombazana leyo kwaye ngo-Oktobha 27, 1969, yambulala.
I-Poddar eya ekhayeni laseTarasoff lixhobile ngekhisitishi ekhishini kunye nompu.
Emva kokulwa, uTarasoff wakhala ngokunceda, apho iPoddar yadutshulwa khona nompu. Wabalekela egcekeni, kodwa uPoddar wammbamba waza wamgwaza waza wafa naye ngekhisiti yekhishini. Emva koko wangena ekhaya laseTarasoff waza wawaphulaphula amapolisa. Emva kokubanjwa kwakhe, i-Poddar yafunyaniswa ukuba i- paranoid schizophrenia .
Abazali bakhe bafaka isigwebo malunga neengcali kunye neYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley. Baye balwela ukuba intombi yabo kwakufanele ixwayiswe ngengozi, ngoxa abagwebi bebanjwe ukuba uxanduva lwabo lwalukugcina imfihlo yabathengi babo.
Inkundla ezisezantsi zivunyelwene nabamangalelwa kwaye icala liqale laxothwa. I-Tarasoff yathintela ityala kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseCalifornia. Ngexa ekugqibeleni isigqibo sagqitywa enkundleni ngenani elikhulu, isigwebo esiphezulu se-1976 sachaza ukuba ukugcinwa okuyimfihlo kukubambisa ukhuseleko loluntu.
Jablonski ngu Pahls v. United States (1983)
Icala laseJablonski likaPahls v. EUnited States landisa ngakumbi uxanduva lokumkisa ngokubandakanya ukuhlaziywa kweengxelo zangaphambili ezingabandakanywa nembali yokuziphatha ngobundlobongela. Isibambiso esivela kwimeko apho ugqirha eqhuba ukuhlolwa komngcipheko komthengi, uMnu Jablonski, kodwa akazange ahlaziye imbali yeJablonski yobundlobongela. Ngenxa yoko, intombi yamakhasimende, uNksz Kimball, ayizange ilumkiso malunga nembali yeJablonski yokuziphatha ngobundlobongela. Xa uJablonski wakhululwa, wawabulala uKimball.
Injongo yokuxwayisa inikeza abacebisi kunye nabagqirha ilungelo kunye noxanduva lokuphula ubuyimfihlo ukuba bakholelwa ukuba umthengi ubeka umngcipheko komnye umntu. Ikhusela nabakliniki ekutshutshiseni ngenxa yokuphulwa kwemfihlo xa benokusola ukuba umthengi abe ngumngcipheko kuye okanye kwabanye.
Nangona sele sele kwimashumi eminyaka ukususela kumsebenzi wokusemthethweni ukuxwayisa kuqala, kusekho isihloko sengxoxo. Ngo-2013, ngoko-mongameli we-APA uDonald N. Bersoff wacebisa ukuba isigqibo seTarasoff sisisigqibo esilungileyo. Umfihlelo lwabaxhasi, ophakanyisiwe, lube lukhulu kakhulu kwaye luyaluhluza lubeka phantsi ithemba lokuba abathengi babekwe kwiinkonzo zabo zempilo yengqondo. Ukuphula le mfihlo kufanele kwenzeke nje ngeyokugqibela, uBersoff ukholelwa.
Abanye bacetyisa ukuba uMoret akazange akhiphe isisongelo, i-Poddar isenokuhlala yonyango. Ukuba wayeseqhubeka efumana unyango, mhlawumbi mhlawumbi wayeyifumana kwaye wayengafuni ukuba uTarasoff abulawe. Nangona kunjalo, akukho ndlela yokukwazi ukuba imeko leyo ingaba yenze njani ngale ndlela. Iingcali zengqondo zihlala zijongana neendlela zokuziphatha ezifanelekileyo kwaye zifuneka zisetyenziselwe isigwebo esona sikhetele ukuba zichane ikhondo elifanelekileyo lezenzo. Injongo yokulumkisa ibangela umngeni kumaxesha amaninzi, kodwa yinto enye i-therapists enyanzelekile ngokomthetho ukuba iphume.
> Imithombo:
> I-American Psychological Association. (2002). I-American Psychological Association I-Principal Ethics Principles of Psychologists kunye neMigaqo yokuziphatha.
> I-American Psychological Association. (2013). Idilesi ye-APA ka-2013 evela ku-Donald N. Bersoff, Ph.D., JD
> Everstine, L, Everstine, DS, Sullivan, D., Heyman, GM, True, RH, Frey, DH, Johnson, HG, Seiden, RH (2003). Ubumfihlo kunye nobumfihlo kwi-psychotherapy. Kwi-DN Bersoff (uMq.), IiNkqubela zoMgaqo-nkqubo kwiShyiloji (3rd ed.). IWashington, DC: uMbutho wezeNgqondo waseMerika.
> Vitelli, R. (2014). Ukuhlaziya kwakhona iTarasoff. Psychology Namhlanje.