Izigidi Ziyakuthi Zinqatshelwe Kwizakhiwo Zokukhethwa Ngenxa Yokukhubazeka Kwengqondo
Njengokuba iinqununu zonyulo zibuhlungu ngenxa yokuvota kwabangaphantsi, ukusuka naphakathi kwama-500,000 ukuya kuma-1,250,000 abantu banokuvinjelwa kwiidokodo zokuvota kuza ixesha lokhetho. Aba bantu bamele abemi abagciniweyo, abagcina umthetho eMelika. Abaninzi sele babhalisiwe ukuvota, kodwa imimiselo yomthetho iyawavimbela ukuba bavotelwe. Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwabo: ukufumana ukukhubazeka kwengqondo okubabeka phantsi kwengqondo yengqondo.
"Kwama-50 aseburhulumenteni bethu, 44 iqulethe imithetho nemigaqo-siseko yomgaqo-siseko okhubaza abantu abanokukhubazeka ngokomzwelo okanye engqondweni," kusho uNksz Kay Schriner, umntu ophando kwiFulbright Institute of International Relations. "Elinye iqela laseMerika elijongene nokuxhatshazwa okunjalo lilahlwe ngamacala."
USchriner kunye no-Lisa Ochs, oncedisayo uprofesa weengcebiso kunye neengqondo kwiIyunivesithi yase-Arkansas State, baye bazinikela iminyaka yokuchonga imithetho enjalo kwimimiselo yomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokulandelelaniswa kwemimiselo yale mithetho kwimbali.
Umsebenzi wabo wamanje uxhaswa ngemali yiNational Institute of Disability and Rehabilitation Research, ukwahlula kweSebe leMfundo le-US. Ukongezelela, uphando luye lwasetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwe-amicus mfutshane echazwe kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US kwimeko yeYunivesithi yaseAlabama v. UPatricia Garrett.
Amanyathelo asekuqaleni kukaRhulumente
Ngokwecandelo lophando lukaSchriner, ukulungiswa kwamalungelo okuvota abantu abanokukhubazeka ngengqondo kwaqala ngokuqala komgaqo-siseko wombuso, wabhalwa waza wavunyelwa kwi-1700s. Abapolitiki baseMelika basekuqaleni babecinga ukuba ngaphandle kwe "idiot ne-insane" kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu luvolonti kuphela lwabo abanokwenza izigqibo zezopolitiko ezinolwazi nolwazi.
Kodwa njengengqiqo yezokwelapha kunye nezentlalo yokukhubazeka kwengqondo yaqhubeka iguqukela, le mithetho yokuxhomekeka ayizange ishintshwe okanye ingacinywa. Enyanisweni, amazwe athi aqhubeka ekuqulunqeni nasekulungiseni imigaqo yawo ukuba ifake loo mithetho kude kube ngowe-1959.
"Iingxelo kunye nokuqiqa kwale mithetho zithintela kwisimo sengqondo se-18 nangesama-19 malunga nokukhubazeka kwengqondo," kusho uSchriner. "Kodwa inyaniso yokuba iMissouri yamkela umthetho wabo wokuxhatshazwa ngo-1945 kwaye iAlaska yajoyina umanyano kunye neye-1959 ithetha ukuba akuyona nje into yekhulu le-18."
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaqela amaninzi ajongene no-referenda ukususa imithetho kwimigaqo yawo. Kodwa ngokungafani neminye imithetho yaseburhulumenteni engekho emthethweni - ehlala ichithwa ngolu hlobo - imithetho yokuxhatshazwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ixhaswe.
Enye yeengxaki eziphambili nale mithetho ingaba amagama abo ase-Archaic. Nangona kuhloswe ukuvala iingxaki ezikhubazayo zokugula ngengqondo, kwiindawo ezimbalwa, imithetho ibenqatshile abantu phantsi koxanduva lokudandatheka okanye ukukhubazeka kwe-bipolar . Nangona le miqathango ingabangela ubunzima bomntu kunye noluntu, kaninzi abaphazamisi umntu ukuba aqonde imiba enzima okanye enze izigqibo ezinengqiqo.
Ukongezelela, izifo ezinjalo zivame ukulawulwa ngamachiza.
Ngokutsho kweSchriner, ukuxhatshazwa kwabantu kungakhange kuvumile nje abantu ukuba banelungelo lokuvota kodwa kubonisa ukunyanzeliswa ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ezidlulileyo kunye neengcamango ezingalunganga. "Le mi miselo ithatha ihlazo elibi lezenhlalakahle kwaye lidibanise emthethweni," watsho.
Ngelishwa, igalelo elibi kunazo zonke kwimithetho yokuxhatshazwa akusiyo ihlazo abanamathela kubantu abanezifo zengqondo, kodwa into yokuba bawaphephe abo bantu ukuba babe nezwi kwizopolitiko kazwelonke. Kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu, xa nje uvalela ukukhubazeka ngokwengqondo, abavoti bezopolitiko kunye namaqela baya kuziva ukuba bancinci ukujongana nemiba echaphazelekayo ngabemi.
Iinjongo zeKamva
USchriner uvakalelwa kukuba uhlanga luya kwixesha elibalulekileyo xa imiba yokukhubazeka iphakanyiswe ngokubanzi kuluntu kunye nezopolitiko. Njengoko le micimbi ivela ekukhanyeni, kuba kubaluleke ukuba abantu abakhubazekileyo-kokubili ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo-bavumeleke ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ekwakhekeni kwemigaqo echaphazela ngqo.
Esikhundleni sokwenza ubundlobongela bembalo kubantu abanesifo sengqondo, uSchriner ubonisa ukuba uqhuba ukuvavanywa komntu ngamnye phambi kokuvalwa komntu kwinkqubo yokhetho. Kodwa nangona oku kunokubangela ukuthotywa komntu kwaye kunokubhekwa njengendlela yokucalucalulo, uSchriner uthe.
Isisombululo esilungileyo siza kuphosa imithetho yokukhutshitshiswa ngokupheleleyo kwaye silandela umthetho owodwa olula: ukuba umntu unako ukuzalisa ikhadi lokubhalisa lokuvota, loo mntu makangacingelwa ukuba anelungelo lokuvota.
Umntu onesimo sengqondo esichukumisayo se-psychotic akakwazi ukuhlala phantsi aze abhalise ukuvota okanye ukutyelela indawo yakhe yokuvota, "watsho uSchriner. "Kuyinto ekhohlakeleyo ukukhathazeka ngaloo nto, makhe nje ubhale umthetho ukukhusela." - IYunivesithi yaseArchansas ikhululiwe