Ingqiqo-jikelele , eyaziwa ngokuba yi- g factor, ibhekisela kubukho bomandla obanzi obuchaphazela ukusebenza kumanyathelo okuqonda. UCharles Spearman waqala ukuchaza ubukho bobunhloli bobubanzi ngo-1904. Ngokutsho kuka Spearman, le nto ibangela ukuba kusebenze ngokubanzi uvavanyo lwezakhono. U Spearman waphawula ukuba ngoxa abantu ngokuqinisekileyo babekwazi ukuhlala bebalaseleyo kwiindawo ezithile, abantu abaye benza kakuhle kwindawo enye bazama ukwenza kakuhle kwezinye iindawo.
Ngokomzekelo, umntu owenza kakuhle ngokuvavanyelwa ngamazwi mhlawumbi uya kwenza kakuhle kwezinye iimvavanyo.
Abo babambe le ngcamango bakholelwa ukuba ingqiqo inokulinganiswa kwaye ibonakaliswe ngenani elilodwa, njengenqaku le- IQ . Incamango kukuba le ngqiqo yolwazi jikelele ichaphazela ukusebenza kuyo yonke imisebenzi engqiqweni.
Ingqiqo jikelele ingafaniswa nokudlala. Umntu unokuba ngumgijimi onobuchule kakhulu, kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba baya kuba yinto ephezulu kakhulu yokudlala. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba lo mntu udlala kwaye ufanelekile, mhlawumbi baya kwenza ngcono ngakumbi kwimisebenzi engokwenyama kunomntu ongekho ngaphantsi kwaye ehlala ehleli.
I-Spearman kunye noBugcisa boBugcisa
UCharles Spearman wayengomnye wabaphandi abaye bancedisa ukuphuhlisa indlela yokubala eyaziwa ngokuba yi-analysis analysis. Uhlalutyo lwamaxabiso luvumela abaphandi ukuba bafumane izinto ezahlukeneyo zokuvavanya ezinokulinganisa amakhono afanayo.
Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi banokufumanisa ukuba abantu abaphumelela kakuhle kwiimvavanyo ezilinganisa isigama senza ngcono kwiimfuno ezihambelana nokufunda ukuqonda.
U-Spearman wayekholelwa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho jikelele lubonisa ubunzulu bezinto eziphathekayo ezingqondweni. Yonke imisebenzi kwiimvavanyo zengqondo, ingaba zihambelana nezakhono zomlomo okanye zezibalo, zathonywe yi-g-factor.
Iimvavanyo ezininzi zengqondo zanamhlanje, eziquka iStfordford-Binet, zilinganisa ezinye zezinto eziqikelelweyo ezicatshulwa ukuba zenze i-intelligence jikelele. Ezi ziquka ukucubungulwa kweendawo ezibonakalayo, ukuqiqa ngokweenkcukacha, ulwazi, ukuqiqa umbane kunye nememori yokusebenza.
- Ukuqwalaselwa kwendawo yokubonakalayo kubandakanya ukukwazi ukuhlanganisa iipuzzle nokukopisha imilo enzima.
- Ukuqiqa okuninzi kubandakanya amandla okulungisa iingxaki ezibandakanya amanani.
- Ulwazi luquka ukuqonda komntu ngezihloko ezahlukeneyo.
- Ukuqiqa kwe-flux kubandakanya ukukwazi ukucinga ngokucwangcisekileyo kunye nokusombulula iingxaki.
- Imemori yokusebenza iquka ukusetyenziswa kweememori zesikhashana ezifana nokukwazi ukuphinda uluhlu lwezinto.
Umngeni kwiNqununu yoBuchule boBulumko
Ingcamango yokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lunokulinganiswa kwaye lushwankathelwe ngenani elilodwa kwi-IQ vavanyo lwaluphikisana ngexesha le-Spearman kwaye liye lahlala ngaphezu kwemashumi eminyaka ukususela. Ezinye izazi zengqondo, kuquka uLL Thurstone, inselele ingcamango yeg-factor. UTherstone endaweni yoko wafumanisa inani lezinto awayebhekisele kuzo ngokuthi "iingqondo eziphambili."
Ngoku kutshanje, izazi zeengqondo ezifana noHoward Gardner ziye zatshitshisa ingcamango yokuba enye ingqiqo-jikelele ingabamba ngokuchanekileyo konke ukuqonda kwengqondo.
UGadiner endaweni yoko wacetyiswa ukuba kukho iingqondo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo . Isicatshulwa ngasinye sichaza ubuchule kwi-domain ethile efana ne-visual-spatial intelligence, i-intelligence-linguistic intelligence, kunye neengqiqo-zengqondo.
Uphando namhlanje lubhekisela kumandla angqondo egalelo ekwenzeni ukusebenza kwimisebenzi eminingi engqondweni. IQ izikolo, ezenzelwe ukulinganisa olu bulumko bendalo, zicingelwa ukuba zithinte impumelelo yomntu ngamnye ebomini. Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa i- IQ inokudlala indima ekufundeni nasekuphumeleleni kwimpilo , ezinye izinto ezifana namava ebuntwaneni, amava emfundo, imeko yezoqoqosho, ubunzima, ukukhula kunye nobuntu zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqaliseni impumelelo jikelele.
> Imithombo:
> Coon, D. & Mitterer, JO (2010). Isingeniso kwi-Psychology: Isango lokumkhumbula kunye nokuziphatha kunye neComputer Maps. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth.
> Gottfredson, uLS (1998). I-General Intelligence Factor. Scientific American.
> Myers, iDG (2004). I-Psychology, i-Seventh Edition. IYew York: Abapapashi abafanelekileyo.
> Terman. LM, & Oden, MH (1959.) Izifundo zoGenesis zeGenius. Vol. V. I-Gifted Mid-Life: Ukulandelelwa Kweminyaka Emashumi Amathathu anamahlanu. IStanford, CA: I-University Press yaseStanford.