Okuninzi Ukusela nokusetyenziswa Kweziyobisi, Kufundiswa
Kubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuba abatsha kunye nabaselula abaselula kunye nabantwana abanobudlelwane bezesondo ezininzi banokukwazi ukuhlakulela ingxaki yokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi ngaphandle kwalabo abangazange balalane nabantu abangaphezu komntu omnye.
Yintoni enokumangalisa ngayo ukuba oku kuyinyani ngakumbi kubafazi kunokuba babesilisa.
Kodwa, oko kanye kanye uphando lusitshela. Enye yezona zifundo zikhulu kakhulu ngamaqabane amaninzi ezesondo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi zenziwa kwiYunivesithi yaseManchester nguDonna E.
Howard kunye nabahlobo. Olu pho nonongo lujolise kumantombazana angama-3 288 asetsheni ayenesondo.
Phakathi kwala ma-adolescents, abanamava angama-24% bachaza amaqabane eentlobano zesini kwiinyanga ezintathu ezidlulileyo, malunga neepesenti ezingama-63 kunye neepesenti ezingama-13 babenabalingani ababini okanye abathandana nabo.
Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kunye nezinye izinto ezinobungozi
Uphando lufumanise ukuba amantombazana abelana ngesondo kunye neqabane elinye ngexesha elifutshane liyakwazi ukubandakanyeka kwezinye iingozi zokuziphatha ezifana nokulwa, ukusela utywala, ukutshaya ugwayi , ukusebenzisa i-cocaine okanye ukukhanda iglue .
Ukulala ngesondo kunye nabalingani abaninzi kuphakamisa umngcipheko wokukhulelwa, izifo ezithathelwana ngesondo kunye nomonakalo owenzela impilo yokuzala, ukufundwa kwe-Maryland. Ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba amantombazana aqala ukulala ngesantya, kwaye ukuqala kokuqala ngesondo ngokuqhelekileyo kukukhokelela ekusebenzeni kwezesondo ezininzi.
Ngaphandle kokulwa, ukusela nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwezidakamizwa, amantombazana anamaqabane amaninzi eentlobano zesini ayenokuba nawo ayenalo isondo esingakhuselekanga ekugqibeleni balala ngesondo, enye indlela yokuziphatha eyingozi eyenza ingozi yesini kunye nabalingani abaninzi.
Ngaba Ukuphuza Ukuphuza Abaxhamli abaninzi?
Ngokuthakazelisayo, uphando lukaHoward lubonise ukuba njengoko amantombazana aselula atshaba aqala ukukhawulelana namaqabane abo esondo. Abalandeli abathandathu baxela ukuziphatha kwamanye amaninzi, kodwa inani labalingani bezesondo liye lahla ngenxa yamantombazana kwi-11 neyeshumi-12.
Kukhona ukungavumelani phakathi kwabaphandi malunga nokuba ngaba neqabane lamalungu amaninzi eentlobano zesini yinto ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi , okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kwandisa amathuba okulala ngesondo kunye namaqabane amaninzi.
Ubunzima bokuthatha ingozi
Ezinye izifundo zibonise ubudlelwane obufanayo kwindlela echasene nayo, ukuba rhoqo kunye nokusela kakhulu, kunokuthatha umthamo omkhulu wokuthatha ingozi, kubandakanywa nokusebenzisana nabantu abaninzi.
Uphononongo olulodwa lwama-533 anesithoba kwinqanaba eli-13 elineminyaka eli-13 lifumene ukuba ukusetyenziswa kotywala "kwakungumqondiso okhokelayo wenguqu kwiintlobo zesini esaselula." Kodwa, iphethini elandeleleneyo ayifumanekanga - ukuba namaqabane amaninzi ezesondo ayengaxhunyiwe ekusebenziseni ukusetyenziswa kotywala .
Akukho Ikhonkco kuXinzelelo, ukuxhalabisa
Nangona kunjalo, isifundo seNew Zealand esinexesha elide lihlolisise ubudlelwane phakathi kwamanani olwabelana ngesondo kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu (18-20, 21-25, kunye neminyaka engama-26-32) kunye nokuxilongwa kokuxhalaba, ukuxinezeleka, kunye nokuxhomekeka kokuxhomekeka kwezinto kwi-21, 26, kunye neminyaka engama-32.
Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukwanda kwenani labathathi bezesondo kwadibaniswa "nokwanda okukhawulezayo" kwimiba yokuxhomekeka kwezinto ezidlulileyo, ngokukodwa kubafazi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akukho mibutho ehambelanayo efunyenwe kunye nokuxhalabisa okanye ukudandatheka kwiyiphi na iminyaka.
Kutheni Ubundlobongela Buxhamle Neziyobisi?
Abaphandi baye bacacisa ngesizathu sokuba ukuba namaqabane amaninzi ezesondo anokudibaniswa nokuphuhliswa kweengxaki zokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kamva. Nazi ezinye zezinto ezinokwenzeka:
- Ukuthatha umngcipheko ngokwesondo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi zizinto eziqhelekileyo zokuthatha ingozi ebusheni nasekukhuleni kwabantu abadala.
- Amathuba okusetyenziswa kakubi ngokweziyobisi ngamathuba okuziphatha ngokwesondo ngenxa yokukhubaza nokunciphisa ukubonakala komngcipheko.
- Abantu banokukwazi ukudibana namaqabane amasha ngokwesini kwiimeko apho utywala uphonzwa khona kwaye utywala kunokuncedisa ukusebenzisana amaninzi.
- Into ethile malunga nokuba neentlobo ezininzi zesini ngokwazo yenza abantu basengozini yokuxhatshazwa kweziyobisi.
Abaphandi bacacisa ukuba mhlawumbi ubunjani obungabonakaliyo bobudlelane obundlelana nabo obunokubangela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kamva. Okanye, bathi, mhlawumbi ukuba nobudlelwane obunzima behluleka ukudala isimo sengqondo apho kunokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi .
Imithombo:
Cornelius JR, et al. "Ubudala bokuqala zesondo kunye nentsebenziswano kunye neontanga ezidlulileyo ziqikelela ukuphuhliswa kwe-SUD: isifundo esiza kufikelela ixesha elide." Ukuziphatha koMlingo ku- Apreli 2007
Dogan SJ et al. Ulwalamano oluphuhliso kunye neepateni zenguqu phakathi kokusetyenziswa kotywala kunye neqela lamalingani ezocansi ukususela ebuntwaneni. UPhuhliso lweeNzululwazi ngoNovemba 2010
Howard, DE, et al. "Iindlela ezininzi zokuziphatha ngobudlelwane ngokwesondo phakathi kwezesondo zobungqingili zase-US." I-American Journal of Health Act January 2004
Ramrakha, S et al. "Ubudlelwane phakathi koBucala boBucala boLwabiwo kunye nokuxhalabisa, ukuPhalazelwa, kunye nokuNxuleka koMzimba: Isifundo soLuntu." IiNqoloba zoBuchule ngoFebruwari 2013