Iimpawu ezikhuthazayo yiklasi yeziyobisi ezingasetyenziswayo okwandisa umsebenzi kwingqondo . Ezi ziyobisi zingakhulisa okwexeshana, ukukhathazeka kunye nokuqonda. Ezinye iziyobisi ezishukumisayo zisemthethweni kwaye ziyasetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Uninzi olukhuthazayo lunokuthi lube ngumlutha. Izikhuthazo zinezinto ezininzi eziqhelekileyo, kodwa ngasinye sinempahla ekhethekileyo kunye neendlela zokwenza.
Iziyobisi ezinokuthi zikhuthazwe ziquka:
- Caffeine
- Nicotine
- ICocaine
- Methamphetamine
- Ukuvuselela izigulana
Caffeine
I-caffeine yinto esetyenziswa kakhulu kwiziyobisi ezisetyenziswayo kwihlabathi, kufumaneka kwikhofi, i-tea, i-cocoa, i-candy candy kunye neziphuzo ezinxilisayo. Nangona i-caffeine ineempembelelo ezininzi ezifana nokunyuka kwamandla kunye nokuphaphazeka kwengqondo, ukusetyenziswa ngamandla kunokubangela iimpawu ezifana nokuxhalaba nokulala. I-caffeine inomlutha ngokomzimba, kwaye iimpawu zokurhoxisa zingabandakanya iintloko, ukukhathala nokukhubeka.
Nicotine
I-Nicotine ithathwa njengenye yezona zintathu ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiziyobisi ezisetyenziswayo kwihlabathi nangona kukho ukuba bambalwa (ukuba kukho) ukusetyenziswa kwezobisi zonyango. Ngexesha lokuqala ukuya kwekhulu lemashumi amabini, ukutshaya kwakucingwa njengefestile. Iingxelo zeempembelelo zempilo ezimbi zikhokelela ekusebenziseni ugwayi. Nangona kunjalo, kunjalo, ii-Centers for Control and Prevention (CDC) zibika ukuba ngo-2014, malunga nama-17 ekhulwini abantu abadala base-US abaneminyaka engama-18 (malunga no-40 million abantu) bashiya iigarethi.
I-National Institute of Drug Abuse ibika ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwecuba kuyona nto ibangela ukufa, izifo kunye nokukhubazeka e-US, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwebhektha kubangelwa ngaphezu kwama-480 000 ukufa kwangaphambi komnyaka.
ICocaine
I-Cocaine yisicatshulwa esisemthethweni esingasemthethweni esenziwe ngamacembe e-coca.
Ngexesha lama-1800 ekupheleni kweminyaka engama-1800, i-psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud yakhuthaza ukusebenzisa i-cocaine njengonyango lwonyango lweengxaki zengqondo, kodwa kamva yaqaphela iimeko eziluthayo zezidakamizwa. Ngexesha le-1900 yokuqala, i-cocaine yayisemthethweni e-US kwaye inokufumaneka kwiinkcukacha ezininzi zamachiza.
Ngomnyaka we-1906, urhulumente waqala ukufuna abavelisi ukuba babhale iimveliso ze-cocaine kwaye baqala ukubeka imingcipheko enkulu ekuhanjisweni ekuqaleni kwee-1920. I-Cocaine yinto ekhutshelweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nentengiso kubonwa ngokungekho mthethweni kwiimeko ezininzi. Namhlanje, i-cocaine yisona sesibini esetyenziswa ngokungekho mthethweni e-United States.
I-Cocaine ixutywa ngokukhawuleza kuyo nayiphina indawo yokulawula, kubandakanywa ukutshitshiswa, ukuxiliswa, ukujova okanye ukutshatyalaliswa ngomlomo. Isiza sifinyelela kwingqondo ngokukhawuleza kwaye sisasazwa kwezinye iishubhu kuwo wonke umzimba. I-Cocaine ihlaziywa ngokukhawuleza ngama-enzyme kwisibindi kunye ne-plasma malunga nemizuzu engama-30 ukuya kweyama-60, kodwa ingafumaneka kwiimvavanyo zomchamo ukuya kwiiyure ezili-12 emva kokulawula.
Methamphetamine
Namhlanje, i-methamphetamine, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-meth, yenye yezona zinto zixhaphakileyo ngokungekho mthethweni. I-Meth inomlutha kakhulu kwaye ichithe izicubu echotsheni, ezingabangela ukulimala kwengqondo.
Iimpawu zokukhuthaza
Iimpawu zokuvuselela izigulana ziyiqela leziyobisi ezisisigxina ezithintela inkqubo ye-nervous system kunye ne- autonomic system . Eminye yemiphumo yokusebenzisa ezi ziyobisi zibandakanya izityezelo, i-vasoconstriction, ukungabikho kokuphumla, i-tachycardia, ukulala, ukuphazamiseka nokulahlekelwa yidlo.
Ezi zithunywa zazisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekunyanyeni nasekunyanga kwezilonda, kodwa iimpawu zabo zokulahla ziye zabangela ukuba zingabonakali ukuba zisetyenziswa namhlanje.
Ukuvuselelwa kwamagqabantshintshi okwangoku kusetyenziswe ukunyanga izifo ezithile ezingokwenyama nangokwengqondo , kubandakanywa ukungabikho kwengqwalasela yokuxhatshazwa kwempilo (ADHD) kunye neengqungquthela.
Amagama aqhelekileyo okuvuselela izigulana ziquka uRitalin, Adderall, kunye neDesrine. Ukuvuselela imithi kusebenza ngokuphucula imiphumo ye- dopamine kunye ne-norepinephrine, kwaye kunokukhokelela ekunyusweni kwengcinezelo yegazi, umsebenzi wokuphefumula kunye novuyo.
Iingxelo
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UJonnes, J. (1999). I-hep-cats, narcs kunye namaphupha epayipu: Imbali yokuthandana kweMelika kunye neziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni . Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
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UJuliano LM, noGrifiths, uRR (2004). Ukuhlaziywa okubalulekileyo kokukhenxiswa kwe-caffeine: Ukuqinisekiswa kweempawu kunye neempawu, iziganeko, ubunzima kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nazo. I-Psychopharmacology, 176, 1-29.
Isizwe seSizwe sokuLawulwa kweziyobisi. (2008, Julayi 22). Iziyobisi: Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: //www.nida.nih.gov/ResearchReports/Prescription/Prescription4.html
Isizwe seSizwe sokuLawulwa kweziyobisi. (nd). Ugwayi / iNicotine ibuyiswe kwi http://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/tobacco-nicotine
Thompson, PM, Hayashi, KM Simon, SL, London, ED, nabanye. (2004). Ukungaqhelekanga kwesakhiwo kwiibongo zabantu abasebenzisa i-methamphetamine. Umbhalo we-Neuroscience, 24, 6028-6036.