Imodeli yokuSebenza ngokugqithiseleyo yokuxiliswa kwenzululwazi yenzelwe nguNjingalwazi uJim Orford ngo-1985, ukujongana nesimo "sesifo Lo mzekeliso uquka ingcamango yokuziphatha kakubi, ngokugxininisa kwengqondo, kunokuba iimeko zemizimba yendlela abantu abanomlutha ngayo izinto, njengotywala kunye ne- heroin , kunye nokulinganayo, kwimisebenzi, njengokugembula nokutya .
Eli nqaku likhankanya ezinye zezinto eziphambili zomzekelo.
Inkqubo Eqhubekayo
Ngokomzekelo, umlutha uqhubeka ngenkqubo. Isigaba sokuqala sale nkqubo sithatha isenzo "sokunciphisa". Le nto iqala kwiminyaka yeshumi elivisayo, xa abantu abaninzi beqala ukubonakaliswa kwimisebenzi enokuba ngumlutha, okanye xa kuthengwa okanye usebenzise umzimba, baqala ukufumana ukhetho oluthe xaxa kunye nokuzimela kwizinto abazichitha ixesha labo, kwaye ixesha elingakanani bachitha ukukwenza. Ukuba ingaba umntu omncinci uthatha indlela yokuziphatha kuxhomekeke kubini babo kunye neendawo ezizungezile, kubandakanywa abantu kunye nenkcubeko yabo. Njengoko i-Orford ichaza oko, "Ukuphunyezwa kokuziphatha okutsha akuveli kwiphulo yengqondo, kodwa njengenxalenye yenkqantosi yeenkolelo ezitshintshayo, ukhetho kunye nemikhwa."
Njengoko abatsha beba badala, abaninzi babo "bavuthiwe" ngokuziphatha okuluthayo, kodwa abanye abenzi.
Ukuphucula imizwa
Xa abantu sele bathathe okanye bazama ukuziphatha okuluthayo, bafumanisa ukuba ezi ziphatha zinamandla "zokuguqula imizwa." Oku kuthetha ukuba xa umntu eqhuba ukuziphatha komlutha, bafumana uvuyo okanye ukuzonwabisa. Ngokuziphatha okuluthayo, abantu banokwenza bazive bebhetele, ubuncinane ngexesha lokuqala kwenkqubo yokulutha.
Oku kungenziwa ngohlobo lokunciphisa ukuxhatshazwa, ukunciphisa ukuqonda, ukuzalisekisa okulindelweyo okumalunga nokuziphatha kwabo kuya kwenza bazive, bekhuphuke iimvakalelo ezikhuthazayo, kunye nokunciphisa, okanye babalekele, iimvakalelo ezimbi. Imiba yokuphucula imizwelo yokuziphatha inokukunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuzithemba kwabo okanye umfanekiso wesentlalo, kwaye inokunceda abantu bakwazi ukujamelana neengxaki ezidlulileyo, ezifana nokuxhaphazwa ngokomzimba okanye ngokwesondo.
Izinto zeNtlalo
Le nkqubo yokulawula imizwa kunye neemvakalelo zenzeka kwiimeko zentlalo kunye neenkcubeko ezichaphazela nokuba umntu ngamnye uhlawula umlutha. Ukufumaneka kunye nokuthengwa kwezinto kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabo ngabahlobo kunye nosapho baqikelele ukuba ngaba abantu baya kuqhubeka nokuphuhlisa izilingo, nangona abantu ababa ngumlutha banokubona ukuxhatshazwa kwabo njengokhetho olukhethekileyo. Kukho izifundo ezininzi ezibonisa ukuba abaninzi abantu bahambelana nemimiselo yentlalo kwaye banqatshelwe ekuziphatheni kwabo umlutha, kwaye musa ukuhlakulela umzekelo wokuziphatha okugqithisileyo, nto leyo incinci yabantu yenza njalo.
Amanyathelo Afundiweyo
Xa abantu sele bathathe indlela yokuziphatha kwaye bafumanisa ukuba bangayisebenzisa ukuze bazive bebhetele, imibutho ikhula phakathi kokuziphatha kunye neengqondo zengqondo nomvakalelo ukuba umntu unqwenela.
Le mibutho iqulunqa kunye neurological, ingqondo yengqondo, kwaye yenzeke ngokuzenzekelayo. Iziqalo ezikhumbuza umntu malunga nokuziphatha kubangela umnqweno, kwaye ke ukufuna ukuziphatha.
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, umntu ufunda ukudibanisa ukuziva engcono ngokuziphatha komlutha. Oku kusenokungabi nokuchaneka, kodwa abantu ababa ngumlutha babonisa iimvakalelo ezintle kunye nokuziphatha okungakumbi. Umntu onomlutha wakha ingcaciso epheleleyo kwingqondo yabo malunga nendlela abaziphatha ngayo babenza bazive bengcono. Bakholelwa ukuba ukuziphatha kuyisisitshixo sokuba uzive ulungile, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubenza bazive njani, kunye nemiphumo emibi elandelayo.
Ukuqhotyoshelweyo kunye nokuzibophezela
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, abantu ababa ngumlutha banamathela ngakumbi ekuziphatheni komlutha, kwaye ngakumbi nokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni kokuziphatha. Le nqanaba ephakamileyo yokuncedisa ingakhokelela kwiindlela ezintsha zokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni ukwandisa imiphumo, njengokusebenzisa iziyobisi, okanye ukutya okudliwayo, okukhokelela ekubeni uvumele ukuhamba okuqhelekileyo malunga nokuziphatha okugcina abantu baninzi.
> Imithombo
> Orford, J. Izicelo ezidlulileyo: I-Psychological View of Addictions (Uhlobo lwesiBini). ENew York naseLondon: iWiley. 2000.