Yintoni eyenza wam (okanye wam Othandekayo) Ukugula Ingxaki?

Ubume bendalo, i-Genetic, kunye neNkcazo yokuSebenza

Sibanzi

Xa sigula, sifuna ukuqonda ukuba kutheni. Olu uphando lweenkcazelo luqhele ngokubanzi nasiphi na isifo, isifo sikashukela ukuya kumhlaza kumkhuhlane. Xa isetyenziselwa ukuphazamiseka kokutya, ezidibanisa neendlela ezininzi ezingamanga , umbuzo wokuba ucalucalulo ludideke ngakumbi.

Inkcubeko ngokubanzi, kunye nabaqeqeshi bezempilo, ngokusoloko bebetyala ukuphazamiseka kokutya kokuchazwa ngokugqithiseleyo, njengento yokunyuswa kwamajelo omzekelo ongaqhelekanga okanye umzali ombi.

Ngokusekelwe kuphando lwakutshanje, siyazi ukuba iintsapho-ixesha elide-le-scapegoats-azibangeli ukuphazamiseka kokutya , ubuncinane kungakhathaliseki indlela elula, ngokuchanekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ngelixa ukukhula kwindlu engasebenziyo kunokunyusa umngcipheko weengxaki zeengqondo, kubandakanya ukuphazamiseka kokutya, ayigxeki umntwana kwisifo sengqondo, makungabi naso isifo sokutya.

Enyanisweni, asikwazi ukusho ngokuqinisekileyo oko kubangela ukuba ingxaki yokutya ibe ngumntu ngamnye, kwaye asikwazi ukuqikelela ukuba ngubani oya kuqhubeka nokuvelisa ingxaki yokutya. Ngokubanzi, ezininzi iingcali ziyavuma ukuba:

• Ukuphazamiseka kwezidlo zigulo ezilukhuni ezingabikho kwinto enye kodwa ekusebenzisaneni okunzima kwezinto eziphilayo, ngokwengqondo nangokwemeko; kwaye
• kukho iindlela ezininzi ezahlukileyo kwizinto eziphambili kwisiphumo esifanayo (umzekelo, i-anorexia nervosa okanye i-bulimia nervosa okanye i-binge yokutya ingxaki).

Makhe sijonge ezinye zeendawo zophando ngezizathu zokuphazamiseka kokutya.

Izinto zobungozi

Uphando lwezinto ezinobungozi lubhekise ekuboneni izici okanye amava okuphambili ukuphuhliswa kwengxaki. Ukuze kubekho umngcipheko wokubonakaliswa njengento ebangela ingxaki yokutya, loo mngcipheko kufuneka uboniswe ngaphambi kokuphuhliswa kwengxaki yokutya. Kwakhona kufuneka ukuba unako ukusetyenziswa, kwaye kufuneka kuboniswe ukuba ukuxhaphaza ngokwenene kukuthintela ukuba kuvele ingxaki.

Umzekelo, ukutshaya ngumngcipheko weengcambu kumdlavuza wamaphaphu kuba ufika ngaphambi kokuphuhliswa kwesi sifo, kwaye ukubhema kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu.

Kungenxa yokuba ukuphazamiseka kokutya kuyinkathazo engaqhelekanga kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo, kubanzi kunzima kwaye kuyabiza ukwenza iintlobo zezifundo ezinkulu kunye nexesha elide ezifunekayo ukuze kuhloliswe izinto ezibangelwa ingozi. Okwangoku, kukho uphando lobuncipheko obunobungozi obuye lwabonakalisa ngempumelelo. Ngokwephepha le-2015 ngu-Stice, kuphela izinto ezibangelwa umngcipheko eziye zaboniswa ukuba ziimeko zokubangela ukuphazamiseka kokutya.

Anorexia nervosa

• I-index ye-mass body index (BMI)

Bulimia nervosa

• Ubume obuhle-obuhle-umlinganiselo apho umntu akholelwa ukuba ubuncwane bubulingana nokukhangisa
• Uxinzelelo olucatshangelwe ukuba lube mncipha - oko umntu akholelwa ukuba kukhetha ukunyanyiswa kwabanye abantu ababajikelezile
• Ukungahlali komzimba - umfanekiso omzimba ongathandekiyo
• Ukutya
• Ukungathinteki kakubi - iimvakalelo ezingathandekiyo (umzekelo, ukwesaba, umsindo, nentlungu kunye neentlobo zayo)

Ukutya ukutya

• Akukho nto ibonisiwe ngeli xesha

Ukuguqula ingxaki

• Ukutya

Nangona kunjalo, oku akuthethi kuphela izinto ezinokubangela ukuphuhliswa kwengxaki yokutya. Ezi ziphela nje eziye zadibana nomthwalo ophezulu wo bungqina ophando.

Ngokomzekelo, alukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokuxhasa ukuba ukuziphatha kokutya kunokubangela ukuba i-anorexia nervosa, kodwa iikhompyutheni ziza kubonisa ukuba (kwaye njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, sele iyaziwa ukuba i-BMI ephantsi, esinye isiphumo sokutya okunzulu, yinto ebangela ukuba i-anorexia nervosa). Ukongezelela, abanye banokugxeka olu luhlu kuba le miba yengozi ifana kakhulu nezona zibonakaliso zezifo.

Ezinye izinto ezininzi ziye zafunyanwa, okanye zikhona, zifundwe ngokunokwenzeka ukuba zinegalelo ekuphuhliseni ukuphazamiseka kokutya:

• Ukukrakra kunye nokugxininiswa kwamanqaku ngokukhululeka

• Ukuxhatshazwa
• Ukulungiswa ngomzimba omzimba
• Ifuthe labangani
• Ukutya kwasekuseni kwezingane kunye neengxaki zokutya kunye neengxaki zesisu
• Ukuzijongela phantsi
• Ukungahlali komzimba
• Ukukhathazeka nokuxinezeleka
• Ukuxhaphazwa ngokwesini kwabantwana

Uyabona ukuba ukuchonga iziganeko zangempela zengxaki yokutya ziyinkimbinkimbi. Kwakhona, ukugqiba ukuba ngaba le miba ikhona kumntu ingaba nzima. Ukongezelela koko, ubukho bezinto ezi, kubangelwa ukuba kukho ingozi ephezulu, ayiqinisekisi ukuphuhliswa kwesifo sokutya.

Genetics

Iingcaciso ze-Genetic zifumene ingqwalaselo eyongeziweyo kwiminyaka eyi-10 edlulileyo. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokutya okuphazamiseka kwiintsapho kubonakala ngathi yimizimba. Ukuza kwintsapho eneempembelelo zokutya kunokunyusa umngcipheko womntu wokuphuhlisa ingxaki yokutya. Ingxenye yolu mngcipheko okhulayo unokubangelwa ukulandelelaniswa kokuziphatha okuxhomekeke kwintlupheko ngaphakathi kwintsapho (umzekelo, ukujonga ilungu losapho). Nangona kunjalo, uphando olunamaviki, olunokuthi luhlukanise indima yemfuza, luye lwaqinisekisa ukuba malunga ne-40-60% yomngcipheko we-anorexia nervosa, i-bulimia nervosa, kunye nokutya okuxilisayo kubangelwa yimpembelelo yemfuza.

Oku kufunyanwe akuthethi ukuba kukho isidlo esisodwa sokutya kwesifo somzimba, okanye nokuba loo magesi adala ukuphazamiseka kokutya. Kungenzeka ukuba kubantu abathile, ukuhlukahluka kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeengqimba zinegalelo kwiinqanaba ezahlukeneyo kwiimpawu eziye zandisa okanye zinciphise umngcipheko walezi ngxaki. Abanye abantu bangaba nelifa njengezixhala, ukwesaba, ukugqibelela, okanye ukunyameka okuye kwadibana nokuphuhliswa kwesifo sokutya. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba, le miba yesikhatyathelwano idibene kunye nezinye iintlungu.

Abanye abantu abaneengxaki zokutya banako ukufumanisa amanye amalungu entsapho ayenokuphazamiseka kokutya. Kukho iintsapho ezithile apho ingozi yokutya iimeko ziphezulu kakhulu kunabantu abaninzi, kodwa iintsapho ezinjalo azifaneki. Nangona imbali yentsapho ephezulu yengozi ibonisa ingozi yokuvelisa imfuyo ayithethi ukuba umntu ulungele ukuphucula ingxaki yokutya.

Ngokuchaseneyo, akusiyo wonke umntu onenkinga yokutya angachaza elinye ilungu lentsapho enye. Nangona i-genetics idlala indima ekuphuhliseni ukuphazamiseka kokutya, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukuvela kwezidlo zokutya kuphantsi kangangokuba abaninzi - eqinisweni, uninzi lwabantu - iimeko zincinci, kungekho nzala yentsapho. Ngenxa yobuncinane beentsapho zanamhlanje, kukho rhoqo ukufumana ingcaciso eyaneleyo yokuchonga ukuba umntu othile unokuthambekela kofuzo. Ukongezelela, ukuphazamiseka kokutya kukugulisa izifo, kunye namalungu entsapho amaninzi abahlali kunye neengxaki zabo neengxaki zabo, kunye namalungu entsapho angaphaya.

Izifundo zofuzo zangaphambilini azifumananga izakhi zofuzo ezichaphazelekayo ezichaphazelekayo ngenxenye ngenxa yokuba izifundo zazingekho ezinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba zifumane iinjengezi zendalo. Nangona kunjalo, ubungqina obukholisayo bufunyenwe ukuba iizalo zinegalelo ekuphuhliseni ukuphazamiseka kokutya. Uphando olona lukhulu kunye nolunzulu lwezofuzo zokudabuka kwezidlo eziye zenziwa, i-Anorexia Nervosa Genetics Initiative (i-ANGI), sele iqedile ukuqokelela igazi kunye nokubonisa ezinye iziphumo zokuqala. Le projekthi iqhutyelwa ngabaphandi e-United States, eSweden, e-Australia, e-United Kingdom naseDenmark. Kuthemba ukuba, abaphandi ngokukhawuleza baya kukwazi ukunika ulwazi oluthe ngqo malunga neprogram yezofuzo ezichaphazela ekudleni izifo.

Izinto zendalo

Uninzi lwangaphambili uphando malunga nokuphazamiseka kokutya luhlolisise ingozi yemvelo. Ngenxa yoko, bahlala besetyala ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kokutya. Imiba yokusingqongileyo ibandakanya iziganeko kunye neempembelelo ebomini bomntu, ezifana nenkcubeko yokutya, amajelo eendaba, ukukhathazeka, kunye nokunciphisa umzimba.

Enye into engqongileyo echaphazelekayo ekukhathazweni kokutya kuyimfuneko yeendaba. Uphando lukaDkt. Ann Becker uvavanye amaqabane amabini oonyana besikolo eFiji ngo-1995 no-1998, ngaphambi nangemva kokufika kweTV. Ufumene ukwanda okwenziwe kwimilinganiselo yokutya okuphazamisekileyo kunye nokuhlanjululwa ngokuthe ngqo ukulahlekelwa isisindo emva kokufika kweTV kummandla weThuji.

Ewe, uluntu kunye nenkcubeko zichaphazela ukuziphatha kokutya kunye neyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokuma komzimba. Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezinjalo zokusingqongileyo azikwazi ukuphendula ngokugcwele ukufumaneka kwezidlo zokutya. Ukuba bekunjalo, i-100 ekhulwini labantu abonakaliswe kwimeko (b) yokusingqongileyo iya kuphuhlisa ingxaki yokutya, esiyayazi ukuba akunjalo.

Enyanisweni, kunokuba kunzima kakhulu kunokuba. Enye imodeli yokuqonda ezinye zeengcipheko zengxowa-nxaxheba yentlalo yokutya kwezidalwa ngumzekelo wesithathu . Lo mzekeliso uphakamisa ukuba ukuchazwa kwimiyalezo yeendaba, ezontanga, kunye nomzali konke kunenxaxheba ukuba umntu uthengisa kakuhle kwaye uhlalutyo loluntu. Ezi zinto zibini, ngokubhekiselele, zinokubakhokelela kumfanekiso omzimba ohluphekileyo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokutya okuphazamisekileyo. Ukongeza, iinkqubo zentlalo zentlalo zibonisa ukuba ezinye iimpembelelo, ezifana nesini, ubuhlanga, okanye izicwangciso ezithile zezemidlalo, ziyakomeleza okanye zinciphise ezinye izinto. Oku kuchaza ngakumbi ukuba kutheni amaqela athile, njengabadlali, angaba mngcipheko omkhulu wokuphucula izidlo zokutya.

IGene kunye ne-Environment Interplay

Ekubeni akukho magesi kunye nendawo engqongileyo eyabangela ukukhathazeka kokutya ngokwabo, ngoku kuyaqaphela ukuba ukuphazamiseka kokutya kubangelwa yindlela yokubambisana okunzima kakhulu kwezi zinto. Nangona izigulane okanye amalungu entsapho angakuchaza into echanekileyo, kukho phantse kukho ukudibanisa kwezinto ezinobangela. Esinye isiganeko sichazwe ngokuba yinto ebangela ukuba i-trigger ibenze i-cascade yeziganeko.

Ukuthathwa kwezinto zokuzalwa kwemvelo kunokuchaphazela iintlobo zeemeko apho umntu ebonisa khona, okanye kunokuchaphazela impendulo yabo kwizithintelo ezithile. Imizekelo ingabandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Umntu ozaliswa ngumzimba kwisifo sokutya usenokukhetha imisebenzi efana nokufunda amaphephancwadi amafashini okanye ukuthatha iiklasi ze-ballet, ezomeleza umfanekiso omzimba ongafanelekanga kwaye zikhokelela ekunyuseni komzimba kunye nokulahleka kwesisindo.
• Umntu ozaliswa ngumzimba wengozi yokutya unokungabonakali kakhulu ukukrakra okwenziwe ngesisindo kwaye ube nempendulo ephakamileyo - ngokomzekelo, ukuqala ukutya okukhethiweyo kwi-snowball kwisifo esipheleleyo.
• Umntwana osemtsha ophethwe yintsholongwane unokuqhubeka nokudla ixesha elingaphezulu kuneontanga ezitya ukutya aze ayeke.
• Umntu onesimo sengqondo esivame ukuba phantsi kwe-anorexia nervosa (ukuxhalaba nokuphelelisa ) unokufuna iindidi zentlalo yoluntu enegalelo ekuqalekeni kokutya.

Epigenetics

Intsimi ekhulayo ye- epigenetics , isifundo sokuba ingaba njani, kwaye njani, kwaye xa iizakhi zibonakaliswa, zinikeza ubunzima obunzima. I-Epigenetics icacisa ukuba izinto ezithile zendalo zibonisa ukubonakaliswa kweengqikithi okanye zitshintshe iizakhi ezithile okanye zicime kwisizukulwana esilandelayo. Ngako oko, uxinzelelo kumzali alitshintshi nje kuphela indlela abaziphatha ngayo kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo banokuguqula ii-genes kwaye bavaliwe kwintsapho yabo kamva abangazange bavelele kuloo mcinezelo. Ngokuphathelele ukuphazamiseka kokutya, kukho ubungqina bokuba izigulane ezide ziba ne-anorexia nervosa, enkulu amathuba okuba zizenze utshintsho ngendlela i-gene zabo ezichazwe ngayo. Kubonakala ukuba ukungondleki kunokuvula okanye ukucima ezinye izityalo, ezichaphazela inkqubo yesifo. Nangona kunjalo, izifundo ze-epigenetic zokuphazamiseka kokutya zisencinane.

Isishwankathelo, izakhi zemizimba zithonya umoya kunye nokuziphatha ngelixa izinto ezingqongileyo zichaphazela i-biology ngokusebenzisa impendulo engqongqo kunye nendawo efanayo.

Isishwankathelo

KUNYE ITHEMBA. Sinokukunceda ukudala izinto ezikhuselekileyo kubantu abanokuthi basengozini.

Ngoxa ukungakwazi ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo oko kubangele ukukhathazeka kokutya kunokubonakala kuphazamisekile, ukuqoqa isilivere kukuba izinto ezifana nokusingqongileyo zinokunyusa ukwanda komntu kwisifo sokutya, umlomo uyinyaniso: ngokutshintsha imeko, unokukunceda ukudala iimeko kunye iziganeko eziza kuququzelela ukukhuselwa nokubuyiselwa. Ngokomzekelo, ukukhula kwindlu ebonakaliswe ngumfudumala womzali kunokunciphisa izakhi zofuzo ezingenakukhuthaza ukukhathazeka.

Ezinye zezinto ezikhuselekileyo ezingqongileyo eziphenywe yinto yokutya kwentsapho, ukutya kwesidlo sakusasa, izakhono zolawulo lweemvakalelo kunye nezindlela zokucingisisa. Ezinye izikhuselo ezinokuthi ziquka iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezibanceda amaqela kunye nabantu ngabanye ukuba babe nomngeni kunye nocelomngeni obungenangqiqo ngobuhle, kubandakanywa ukuzukiswa kobuncwane kunye nokunyaniseka kwabantu abatyebileyo . Uninzi lweenguqulelo zendalo, ezifana nokuphucula imeko kunye negunya labasetyhini, ukunciphisa ukuchasiswa kwamabhinqa kunye nabesilisa, kunye nokuhlonipha ukuphakama kwabo bonke ubukhulu kunye nobunzima, kuya kunceda bonke abantu kwaye bancede benze i-kinder nekhuselekileyo-kwaye mhlawumbi ikhuselekileyo-uluntu .

Nangona kunjalo, gcinani engqondweni ukuba ithuba kunye neenhlanhla zidlala indima, kwaye abantu bahluka kwiingozi zabo zofuzo. Ngaphandle kwimeko nganye yokuthintela kule ncwadi, abanye abantu abaneengozi eziphezulu kakhulu zokuhlaselwa komfuzo basenokuqhubeka nokuhlakulela ingxaki yokutya emva kwesiganeko esinye okanye ezimbini esibangela ukuba kungabikho ukulawulwa komntu. Abanye abanomngcipheko we-genetic angabonakalisa ukunyamekela ekuphuhliseni ingxaki yokutya nangona kukho ubuninzi bezinto ezinobungozi bemvelo.

Ekugqibeleni, xa umntu-kuquka nawe-ufumana ingxaki yokutya, akuyikho iphoso. Isizathu sokuphazamiseka kokutya sifunyenwe, ukuza kuthi kube nzima .

> Imithombo:

> Bulik CM, Sullivan PF, Tozzi F, Furberg H, Lichtenstein P, Pedersen NL. Ukunyamezela, ukulungeleka, kunye neengozi zobungozi be-anorexia nervosa. IArch Gen Psychiatry [Intanethi]. 2006 uMar 1; 63 (3): 305-12. http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/209373.

> Klump KL, Burt S, McGue M, Iacono WG. Utshintsho kwimimandla yezofuzo kunye nezosingqongileyo ekudleni okuphazamisekileyo ukusukela ebusheni: Isifundo esinexesha elide. IArch Gen Psychiatry [Intanethi]. 2007 64 (12): 1409-15: http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/482517

> Mazzeo SE, Bulik CM. Izinto zokusingqongileyo kunye neengcipheko zokudityaniswa kokutya: Into eyenziwa ngugqirha ukuba azi. I-Child Adolesc Clinic Psychiatr N Am [Intanethi]. 2009 uJan [wacacisa ngo-2016 Agasti 17]; 18 (1): 67-82. Kufumaneka ukusuka: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2719561/

> Striegel-Moore RH, uBulik CM. Imiba engozi yokutya kwezifo. Iingcali zeMilo zaseMerika. 2007; 62 (3): 181-98

> I-Stice E. Iikhompyutheni ze-Etiologic eziManyeneyo kunye neMidibaniselwano yokuHlaziya i-Disorder Outset: Ubungqina obuvela kwi-Prospective Studies. Ukuhlaziywa koNyaka kwe-Psychology Clinic, 2016 12: 359-381, http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093317